Doing Well by Doing Better: Entrepreneurs and Sustainability

Authors

  • Annalenna Parhankangas University of Illinois at Chicago
  • Abagail McWilliams University of Illinois at Chicago
  • Rodney C. Shrader University of Illinois at Chicago

Abstract

We examine how entrepreneurial ventures can employ sustainability to do well (create a competitive advantage) by doing better (creating more social good than is created by Corporate Social Responsibility). We compare and constrast CSR and sustainability and examine factors influencing the competitive strategies of large, established firms versus entrepreneurial firms. We conclude that established firms are likely to focus on CSR while entrepreneurial ventures are more likely to pursue sustainability as a strategy for creating private and social value and durable competitive advantage. Established firms will do well by doing good, while entrepreneurial ventures will do well by doing better.

References

Acs, Z. J., & Audretsch, D. B. 1987. Innovation, market structure, and firm size. The review of Economics and Statistics, 567-574.

Ahlstrom, J., Macquet, M. & Richter, U. 2009. The lack of a critical perspective in environmental management research: Distortion in the scientific discourse. Business Strategy and the Environment, 18: 334-346.

Almeida, P., & Kogut, B. 1997. The Exploration of Technological Diversity and the Geographic Localization of Innovation. Small Business Economics, 9: 21-31.

Baker, T., Miner, A., & Eesley, D. 2003. Improvising firms: Bricolage, account giving and improvisational competencies in the founding process. Research Policy, 32: 255-276.

Benson, K. L., & Humphrey, J. E. (2008). Socially responsible investment funds: Investor reaction to current and past returns. Journal of Banking & Finance, 32(9), 1850-1859.

Bhide, A. 1992. Bootstrap finance: The art of start-ups. Harvard Business Review, 70(6): 109-117.Bowen, H. 1953. Social Responsibilities of the Businessman, Harper: New York.

Bhide, A. 1994. How entrepreneurs craft strategies that work. Harvard Business Review, 72(2), 150-161.

Binder, J. K. & Belz F-M. 2013. Sustainable Entrepreneurship: What it is and what it is not. Social Science Research Network.

Bird, B. J. 1989. Entrepreneurial behavior. Glenview, Ill: Scott Foresman and Company.

Bowen, H. R. 1953. Social responsibilities of the businessman. Harper & Brothers.

Bower, J. & Christensen, C. 1995. Disruptive technology: Catching the wave, Harvard Business Review, 13(1): 43-53.

Broomhill, R. 2007. Corporate social responsibility: Key issues and debates, Dunstan Papers, No. 1, Dunstan Foundation, The University of Adelaide.

Carroll, A. B. 1999. Corporate social responsibility evolution of a definitional construct. Business & Society, 38(3), 268-295.

Casson, M. 1992. Entrepreneurship: A model of risky innovation under capital constraints. In G. Norman & M. La Manna (Eds.), The new industrial economics (pp. 186-213). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Chan, J., Pun, N. and Selden, M. 2013. The politics of global production: Apple, Foxconn and China's new working class. New Technology, Work and Employment, 28(2): 100-115.

Chandy, R. K., & Tellis, G. J. 2000. The incumbent's curse? Incumbency, size, and radical product innovation. The Journal of Marketing, 1-17.

Chandy, R. K., & Tellis, G. J. 1998. Organizing for Radical Innovation: The Overlooked Role of Willingness to Cannibalize. Journal of Marketing Research, XXXV, 474-487.

Chapman, M. 2000. When the entrepreneur sneezes, the organization catches a cold'': A practitioner's perspective on the state of the art in research on the entrepreneurial personality and the entrepreneurial process. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 9(1), 97-101.

Chegut, A., Schenk, H., & Scholtens, B. 2011. Assessing SRI fund performance research: Best practices in empirical analysis. Sustainable Development, 19(2), 77-94.

Christensen, C., & Bower, J. 1996. Customer power, strategic investment, and the failure of leading firms. Strategic Management Journal, 17: 197-218.

Cochrane, J. 2005. The risk and return of venture capital, Journal of Financial Economics, 75:3-52.

Cohen, B. & Winn, M. I. 2007. Market imperfections, opportunity and sustainable entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 22:29-49.

Conner, K. 1988. Strategies for Product Cannibalism. Strategic Management Journal, 9: 9-27.

Cooper, A.C., Willard, G.E. & Woo, C.Y. 1986. Strategies of high performance new firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 1, (3), pp. 247 - 260.

Crane, A., & Matten, D. 2007. Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press.

Dean, T. J. & McMullen, J.S. 2007. Toward a theory of sustainable entrepreneurship: reducing environmental degradation through entrepreneurial action. Journal of Business Venturing, 22: 50-76.

Dobrev, S. D., & Barnett, W.P. 2005 Organizational roles and the transition to entrepreneurship.'' Academy of Management Journal, 48: 433-449.

Dodd, E.M. 1932. For whom are corporate managers trustees? Harvard Law Review, 45(7): 1145-1163.

Dodd, E. M. 1932. For whom are managers corporate trustees? Harvard Law Review 45: 1145-1163.

Dyllick, T., & Hockerts, K, 2002, Beyond the business case for corporate Sustainability. Business strategy and the environment, 11(2), 130-141.

Eurosif, 2007, Venture capital for Sustainability, Paris, France, downloadable from www.eurosif.orf.

Frankental, P. 2001. Corporate social responsibility - a PR invention?. Corporate Communications: An International Journal. 6(1): 18-23.

Freidman, M. 1995. Foreign Economic Aid: Means and Objectives, Hoover Institution, Stanford University.

Gartner, W., Starr, J., & Bhat, S. 1999. Predicting new venture survival: An analysis of "Anatomy of a start-up." cases from Inc. magazine. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(2), 215-232.

Guth, R. 2008. Bill Gates issues call for kinder capitalism, Wall Street Journal, January, 24.

Ghemawat, P. 1991. Market Incumbency and Technological Inertia. Marketing Science, 10: 161-171.

Hamel, G. & Prahalad, C.K. (1991) Corporate Imagination and Expeditionary Marketing, Harvard Business Review, 69(4): 81-92.

Hannan, M.T., & Freeman, J. 1977. The Population Ecology of Organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 82(5): 929-964.

Hart, S.L. 2010. Capitalism at the Crossroads, 3rd ed., Wharton School Publishing, New Jersey.

Hart, S.L. & London, T. 2005. Developing native capability: what multinational corporations can learn from the base of the pyramid, Stanford Social Innovation Review, 28-33.

Hausman, A. 2005. Innovativeness among small businesses: Theory and propositions for future research. Industrial Marketing Management, 34: 773-782.

Henderson, R. 1993. Underinvestment and Incompetence as Responses to Radical Innovation: Evidence from the Photolithographic Alignment Equipment Industry. RAND Journal of Economics, 24 (Summer), 248-271.

Henderson, R., & Clark, K.B. 1990. Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 9-30.

Hockerts, K., & Wustenhagen, R. 2010. Greening Goliath's and emerging Davids-Theorizing about the role of incumbents and new entrants in sustainable entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 25: 481-492.

Husted, B. & de Jesus Salazar, J. 2006. Taking Friedman seriously: Maximizing profits and social performance, Journal of Management Studies, 43(z1): 75-91.

Internal Council on Human Rights Policy. 2002. Beyond voluntarism: human rights and the developing international legal obligations of companies, Versoix, Switzerland.

Kanellos, M. 2007. Father of the compact fluorescent bulb looks back, ZDNet.com.

Kacperczyk, A.J. 2012. Opportunity Structures in Established Firms: Entrepreneurship versus Intrapreneurship in Mutual Funds. Administrative Science Quarterly, 57(3): 484-521.

Katila, R., & Shane, S. 2005. When does lack of resources make new firms innovative? Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 814-829.

Khalili, N. 2011. Practical Sustainability, Palgrave Macmillan.

Kotey, B. 1995. Planning, enterprise performance and owner/manager personal values. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 3(4), 409-426.

Khandker, S. 2005. Microfinance and poverty: Evidence using panel data from Bangladesh, World Bank Economic Review, 19(2): 263-286.

Kiron, D., Kruschwitz, N., Reeves, M., & Goh, E. 2013. The benefits of Sustainability-driven innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 54(2): 69- 73.

Kiron, D., Kruschwitz, N., Haanaes, K., Reeves, M., & Goh, E. 2013. The innovation bottom line. MIT Sloan Management Review, Research Report.

Kuckertz, A., & Wagner, M. (2010). The influence of Sustainability orientation on entrepreneurial intentions- investigating the role of business experience. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(5), 524-539.

Locke, R. 2002. The promise and perils of globalization: the case of Nike. MIT Working Paper IPC_02-007.

McDougall, P., Oviatt, B., Shrader R. 2003. A comparison of international and domestic new ventures, Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 1(1): 59-82.

McGuire, J. B., Sundgren, A., & Schneeweis, T. 1988. Corporate social responsibility and firm financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 31(4), 854-872.

McMullen, J., S. 2010. Delineating the domain of development entrepreneurship: a market-based approach to facilitating inclusive economic growth. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 34 185-215.

McWilliams, A. & Siegel, D. 2001. Corporate social responsibility: a theory of the firm perspective, Academy of Management Review, 26: 117-27.

McWilliams, A. & Siegel, D. 2011. Creating and capturing private and social value: Strategic corporate social responsibility, resource based theory and sustainable competitive advantage, Journal of Management, 37(5): 1480- 1495.

McWilliams, A., Van Fleet, D.D. & Cory, K. 2002. Raising Rivals' Costs: An Application of Resource-Based Theory, Journal of Management Studies, 39(5): 707-723.

Merton, R.K. 1968. Bureaucratic structure and personality. In R. K. Merton: Social Theory and Social Structure, 2d ed.: 249-260. New York: Free Press.

Mitchell, R.K., Agle, B.R. & Wood D.J., 1997. Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review, 22(4): 853-886.

Nadim A. & Lussier R.N. 2010. Sustainability and Small Business competitive strategy. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 21(2): 79-95.

Nanjowe, 2010, The environmental impact of strip mining, Bright Hub: www.brighthub.com/environment/scien ce-environmental/articles/19087.aspx.

Nelson, R.R. & Winter, S.G. 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

Newell, P. 2005. Citizenship, accountability and community: the limits of the CSR agenda. International Affairs. 81(3): 541-557.

Noteboom, B. 1994. Innovation and Diffusion of Small Firms. Small Business Economics, 6, 327-347.

Olson, E. M., Waker Jr., O. C., & Reukert, R. W. 1995. Organizing for effective new product development: The moderating role of product innovativeness. Journal of Marketing, 59(1), 48-63.

Orange, E. 2010. From eco-friendly to eco- intelligent, The Futurist, Sept-Oct.: 29- 32.

Oviatt, B.M. & McDougall, P.P. 1994. Toward a Theory of International New Ventures, Journal of International Business Studies, 25 (1): 45-64.

Parrish, B. D. 2010. Sustainability-driven entrepreneurship: Principles of organization design. Journal of Business Venturing, 25: 510-523.

Patzelt H. & Shepherd, D. A. 2010. Recognizing opportunities for sustainable development. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 34: 631-652.

Pendleton, A. 2004 Behind the mask: The real face of corporate social responsibility, Christian Aid, London, UK.

Porter, M. (1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York, The Free Press.

Prahalad, C.K. & Hart, S.L. 2002. The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid, Strategy and Business, 26:54-67.

Rappaport, A. 2005. The economics of short-term performance obsession. Financial Analysts Journal. 61(3): 65 79.

Reisch, M. 2008. P&G launches water treatment kits in U.S., Chemical & Engineering News, February 20.

Ricardo, D. 1817. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, John Murray, London.

Rosenbloom, R., & Christensen, C. 1994. Technological Discontinuities, Organizational Capabilities, and Strategic Commitments. Industrial and Corporate Change, 3(3): 655-685.

Salzmann, O., Ionescu-Somers, A., & Steger, U. 2005. The business case for corporate sustainability: literature review and research options. European Management Journal, 23(1), 27-36.

Schendel, D. & Hitt, M.A. 2007 Comments from the editors: Introduction to volume 1, Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1: 1-6.

Scherer, F.M. 1980. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance. Chicago, Rand McNally.

Schumpeter, J.A. 1947. The creative response in economic history, Journal of Economic History, 7(2): 149-159.

Shaffer, R. 2007. Unplanned obsolescence, FastCompany, Sept.

Shepherd, D. A., & Patzelt H. 2010. The new field of sustainable entrepreneurship: studying entrepreneurial action linking "what is to be sustained" with "what is to be developed." Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 34: 137-163.

Sivades, E., & Dwyer, R. F. 2000. An examination of organizational factors influencing new product success in internal and alliance-based processes. Journal of Marketing, 64(1), 31-43.

Sorensen, J. B. 2007 Bureaucracy and entrepreneurship: Workplace effects on entrepreneurial entry. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52: 387-412.

Staw, B.M 1981. The Escalation of Commitment to a Course of Action. Academy of Management Review, 6: 577-587.

Stinchcombe, A.L. 1965. Social structure and organizations, in Handbook of Organizations, J.G. March (ed.), Chicago: Rand McNally, 153-93.

Thompson, V. A. 1965 Bureaucracy and innovation' Administrative Science Quarterly, 10: 1-20.

United Nations. 1987."Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development." General Assembly Resolution 42/187, 11 December 1987.

Utting, P. 2005. Corporate responsibility and the movement of business. Development in Practice. 15(3-4): 375- 388.

Valor, C. 2005. Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Citizenship: Towards Corporate Accountability. Business and Society Review. 110(2): 191-212.

Vogel, D. 2006. The market for virtue: The potential and limits of corporate social responsibility. Brookings Institution Press.

Vos, J. 2009. Actions speak louder than words: Greenwashing in corporate America. Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy, 23: 673-697.

Weber, M. 1968 Economy and Society. New York: Bedminster Press.

Whyte, W. 1956 The Organization Man. New York: Doubleday.

Womach, J. 2004. Cotton production and support in the United States. Congressional Information Service, Library of Congress.

Downloads

Published

2015-05-22

Issue

Section

Invited Distinguished Commentary

How to Cite

Doing Well by Doing Better: Entrepreneurs and Sustainability. (2015). Journal of Small Business Strategy (archive Only), 24(2), 1-20. https://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/jsbs/article/view/197