2026-04-06T18:37:38Z http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/oai

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/549 2016-06-20T12:48:26Z scientia:ART

Why Humphry Can’t Read or Write: Tobias Smollett, 18th-Century Literacy, and Preservation of the Social Order Bryan, Clint Literacy for lower socioeconomic populations in Great Britain did not enjoy a high priority in privileged eighteenth-century society. Although contemporary literacy theorists have only begun writing about a social turn in literacy in recent decades, Tobias Smollett’s nearly 250-year-old novel Humphry Clinker offers significant clues that literacy—especially for the lower classes—has always carried social implications. By situating an illiterate servant cum lay preacher at the center of a novel that bears his name but denies his agency, Smollett extends his vocal critique of Methodism that threatened to unravel the hierarchical social order of late eighteenth-century Britain. Smollett’s disdain for Methodism and its class-leveling practices was well known during his day—even to John Wesley, its founder. Smollett finds in Clinker the perfect foil on which to circumscribe his antipathy toward Methodism and the social reform aims of its architect—including universal literacy for all Britons. By labeling Methodism as injurious and making sport of it as a daft lay preacher, Smollett brackets the positive contributions of Wesley’s followers in order to protect the social status quo. As I apply six components of social literacy theory from contemporary theorist David Barton’s seminal article “The Social Impact of Literacy” to this picaresque novel, Clinker the character emerges as a true hero in Smollett’s novel for the social revolution faith-based literacy efforts would exert on Britain in the latter eighteenth century and beyond. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/549 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 3 (2013); 1-14 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/549/515 Copyright (c) 2015 Clint Bryan

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/551 2016-06-20T12:48:26Z scientia:ART

Disability, the Sideshow, and Modern Museum Practices Stringer, Katie This paper addresses questions about disability history, the history of the relationship between museums and people with disabilities, the history of museums and exhibits as collections of curiosities including people with disabilities, and how that past has informed the present.  Preserving and distributing knowledge have been the major pillars of museums’ work during the modern age.  Racial and ethnic inclusiveness were addressed throughout the Civil Rights Movement and the decades that followed, and accommodations have also been made in society for physical disabilities with the Americans with Disabilities Act.  Many times the community has excluded disabled people, whether intentionally or not.   In addition to evaluating information on how museums and other organizations of the past, the sideshow, and the community in general treated people with disabilities, this paper also presents information about how modern museums react to their learning disabled visitors.  The paper presents information about research into possibilities of a model for museums to use to develop specific programming and exhibits for people with cognitive delay and disabilities. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/551 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 3 (2013); 15-28 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/551/516 Copyright (c) 2015 Katie Stringer

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/617 2016-06-20T09:39:43Z scientia:ART

Contact Hypothesis in Context: Household Characteristics, Community Perception, and Racial/Ethnic Prejudice in the U.S. Watson, Amanda Although overt racism has diminished, there remain vast racial and ethnic disparities in the United States. Many households are isolated from these disparities simply by where they live. Contact theory hypothesizes that under certain conditions, individual contact with minorities can decrease prejudice. Using a nationally representative sample from the 2000 General Social Survey, this paper explores contact, residential segregation, and anti-minority prejudice in American households. We employ linear regression techniques to analyze the characteristics of White respondents in White households by perception of community composition, region, city size, education, and household type, to identify prejudice against minority groups. Results indicate strong regional effects, with higher levels of prejudice in the South when compared to other regions. Anti-Hispanic prejudice is higher in the Northeast than in the South. Contact theory is not supported, except to show that the effect of more contact is greater on anti-Black prejudice in the Northeast than in the South. Following prior research, education was associated with lower prejudice, and age exhibited a positive relationship with prejudice. We also discuss the general implications of our findings. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/617 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 1 (2011); 1-26 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/617/563 Copyright (c) 2016 Amanda Watson

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/618 2016-06-20T09:41:25Z scientia:ART

“And still she asked, where, in this system, was there room for a studio?”: Reading Gender and Lesbian Space in Vita Sackville-West’s All Passion Spent McCoy, Shane In my essay “`And still she asked, where, in this system, was there room for a studio?’: Reading Gender and Lesbian Space in Vita Sackville-West’s All Passion Spent,” I investigate the construction of lesbian space in the context of both the historical reality of a patriarchal society, and,within it, a patriarchal literary tradition. I place this text in the context of recent theoretical work by Adrienne Rich, Terry Castle, Judith Butler, Sharon Marcus, and Luce Irigaray, among others. My argument, influenced by Adrienne Rich’s idea of the lesbian continuum, investigates the waysin which widowhood opens up a lesbian/ woman-centered space for Lady Slane in Sackville-West’s novel. Lady Slane’s newfound independence creates a subject position that allows her to make a space for herself away from patriarchal control. I focus on female autonomy in All Passion Spent,in particular, the creation of a female identity and female space that develops within a feminist discourse. This novel challenges traditional representations of the lesbian; consequently, it has been praised for creating alternative lesbian images as well as criticized for producing stereotypes. I break new ground by positing that the novel is a lesbian one. Sackville-West’s novel might not be labeled as such by some because it does not appear to present a lesbian identity. However, within an inclusive lesbian theoretical perspective, the novel fits easily, if rather differently from other novels (such as Radclyffe Hall’s The Well of Loneliness (1928) and Virginia Woolf ’s Orlando (1928), into the lesbian continuum. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/618 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 1 (2011); 27-49 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/618/564 Copyright (c) 2016 Shane McCoy

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/619 2016-06-20T09:42:47Z scientia:ART

Impact of Three-week Educational Program on Low Back Flexibility and Pain in College Students Easley, Lauren Purpose: The purpose of this study was to document the effectiveness of a three-week educational program on low back flexibility and pain reduction in college students between the ages of 18 and 30 who are at risk for low back pain. Methods: Fifty college students were assigned to either an experimental group that participated in a three-week educational program or a control group. Subjects were assessed pre- and post-intervention using the following outcome measures: Oswestry© Low Back Pain Disability questionnaire, the Fitnessgram© Back Saver Sit and Reach test, and pre- and post-low back pain survey. Results: The majority of students decreased in low back pain and felt that the educational program was beneficial in preventing and delaying low back pain. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed that there was no significant interaction between groups over time in low back flexibility and pain intensity, p>0.5. Conclusion: An educational program for college students that increases low back flexibility and decreases pain will prevent or delay low back pain among college students. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/619 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 1 (2011); 51-66 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/619/565 Copyright (c) 2016 Lauren Easley

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/620 2016-06-20T09:45:08Z scientia:ART

An Evaluation of the Alcohol Consumption Patterns of Tailgaters at Greenland Drive and Walnut Grove, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee Keasler, Joseph L Gildemeister, Thomas This study was conducted as an exercise in garbology, which is the study of society through the analysis of its garbage. The researchers looked at differences and similarities between two tailgating locations, Greenland Drive and Walnut Grove, on Middle Tennessee State University’s campus.The data showed evidence of large amounts of alcohol use at both sites with one being greater than the other. The data also showed evidence of one group of people being more affluent than the other group. Overall, the interpretation would suggest the two groups of people were using the sites in a ritualistic manner and not as a permanent settlement. The high amounts of alcohol use and small amounts of food waste would indicate the people were more interested in becoming intoxicated than with the event associated with the site use. While this was less evident at Greenland Drive, the numbers there were still high. Observations at Walnut Grove indicate that many of the participants were likely under the legal drinking age. The research indicates a need to re-evaluate the wisdom of sponsoring such events on a college campus. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/620 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 1 (2011); 67-82 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/620/566 Copyright (c) 2016 Joseph L Keasler, Thomas Gildemeister

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/621 2016-06-20T09:46:37Z scientia:ART

Chronic Illness and Mental Health Underutilization in African-Americans: A Labeling Theory Perspective Bennett, Matthew This paper explores the under-utilization of mental health services amongst African-Americans, with particular emphasis on labeling theory in defining the structural origins for perceived barriers to treatment. In the United States, with its tragic legacy of racially-based oppression, race is generally understood to have powerful connotations for social norms andindividual self-concept, and in the case of discriminated minorities such as African-Americans, to have broad negative effects on quality of life. With health outcomes for African-Americans already poorer than their white counterparts, reducing barriers to all forms of treatment is essential toachieving a greater level of health parity. This is especially relevant for mental health services, as comorbid mental distress can serve to confound the treatment of physical ailments, most notably those that require long term care or lifestyle modification, where personal agency has its mostsignificant impact. Indeed, mental health, more than any other component of overall health, can act as a gateway to a broader range of positive life choices, thereby facilitating improved health lifestyles. We will begin with an overview of the disparities between the races in terms of utilization and outcomes, including rates of inpatient care, We will then examine the perceived barriers to mental health treatment experienced by African-Americans, noting the stigma of seeking treatment, and the role of social integration in recovery and using labeling theory as a framework. Next, we will examine the consequences of these perceived barriers: how lack ofmental health treatment creates negative health outcomes in the African-American population and contributes to disparity in survivability and mortality rates. Finally, some suggestions for improving utilization equity are advanced, based in successful programs from other fields andrelevant research on attitudes towards accessing care. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/621 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 1 (2011); 83-91 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/621/567 Copyright (c) 2016 Matthew Bennett

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/622 2016-06-20T09:48:14Z scientia:ART

We Are What We Eat: A Cultural Examination of Immigrant Health and Nutrition in Middle Tennessee Visocky, Sarah The purpose of this research is to examine recent Hispanic immigrants to Middle Tennessee from an anthropological perspective to discover possible correlations to answer the research questions: how are Latino and Hispanic immigrant populations’ nutritional statuses affected by acculturation to the United States and to Middle Tennessee, and what factors come to playin changing their own food practices? Results include information gleaned from previous ethnographic research as well as from interviews with local Hispanic immigrants relating to food insecurity, the impact of school lunches on immigrant children’s health, and possible remedies tohalt the declining health of immigrants to the Middle Tennessee. is research suggests that the immigrant experience is not the same for every group or even for each individual, that health outcomes of other immigrants dier according to their experiences of acculturation. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/622 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 1 (2011); 94-113 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/622/568 Copyright (c) 2016 Sarah Visocky

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/623 2016-06-20T09:49:17Z scientia:ART

Comparisons of Accuracy of Nutrition Knowledge of College Students With and Without Risk Factors for Type II Diabetes Richard, Monique Type II diabetes is a major health problem in the United States. Untreated type II diabetes may lead to cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, degenerative eye health, blindness, or other catastrophic complications including death. Awareness, prevention, and interventionbased programs for those at-risk for type II diabetes, those currently diagnosed, and the general public are essential to lowering the incidence of type II diabetes in the United States. This study was developed to measure accuracy of nutrition knowledge of college students without knownrisk factors compared to those with risk factors for type II diabetes. No significant differences were found in accuracy of nutrition knowledge between students with risk factors and those with no risk factors for type II diabetes. The findings of this study are of importance in providing awareness ofnutrition knowledge deficit for college students at-risk for type II diabetes. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/623 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 1 (2011); 113-120 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/623/569 Copyright (c) 2016 Monique Richard

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/624 2016-06-20T09:50:27Z scientia:ART

The Evolution of Industrial Food Production: McDonaldization and Population Health Currey, Andrew D This paper is an examination of modern food production and its consequences, and of how food production on a mass scale negatively affects health in the United States. The link between food and health at first seems obvious and simple, but the food industry itself affects our health in significant ways. What exists now is a food industrial complex, which focuses on efficiency, high volume production, and profitability. Many citizens, students, and policymakers are simply unaware of the inner workings of the food-industrial complex, along with the dangers inherent infactory farms and other sites of production within this economic sector. We employ Ritzer’s theory of McDonaldization to analyze these processes. Emerging from Weber’s classic sociological work on rationality and bureaucracy, McDonaldization focuses on themes of profitability, efficiency,calculability, and control. We first introduce the food industrial complex and then discuss the latent and manifest effects of McDonaldization on institutions and industries like agriculture. Finally, we explore the many ways that the food-industrial complex is affecting our health at the population and individual levels. This paper takes a critical look at how food production is affecting health across the United States. We also discuss other major consequences of these processes. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/624 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 1 (2011); 121-135 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/624/570 Copyright (c) 2016 Andrew D Currey

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/626 2016-06-20T10:50:09Z scientia:ART

Defining Nineteenth-Century Womanhood: The Cult of Marmee and Little Women Rivas, Sarah This paper explores the character of Marmee in Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women in order to illustrate Marmee’s influence on her daughters and the message concerning womanhood and femininity evoked by the novel as a whole. The Cult of Marmee —an eclectic mixture of Barbara Welter’s the “Cult of True Womanhood,” feminism, spirituality, transcendentalism, andsocial reform—drives the plot of Little Women by becoming the standard from which the four March sisters construct their individual identities. This paper establishes Marmee as the primary influence on the March sisters, and therefore as the primary influence on the novel’s plot, whileexploring the five elements of the Cult of Marmee as they relate to the novel’s characters and to real nineteenth-century women. Ultimately, any rigid conclusion regarding the novel as feminist or antifeminist must be grounded in an understanding of the novel’s historical context. Alcott offersan imperfect picture of liberated womanhood; in spite of this, however, Little Women’s message of hope for female independence and strength should not be ignored. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/626 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 4 (2014); 53-64 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/626/571 Copyright (c) 2016 Sarah Rivas

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/627 2016-06-20T10:50:09Z scientia:ART

Classical Poetry and Modern Political Philosophy: Spenser and Machiavelli in A View of the State of Ireland Wise, Dennis The sixteenth-century English poet Edmund Spenser has long seemed full of contradictions. On one hand, Spenser is a poet of “twelue priuate morall vertues,” falling into the civic-humanist tradition advocated by his predecessor Sir Philip Sidney. On the other hand, Spenser’s A View of the State of Ireland advocates a brutal and bloody colonial policy in relationto the Irish, views that seem incompatible with a master of moral poetry. I suggest that we understand the apparent contradiction as a conflict between Spenser’s classicism and his apparent acceptance of modern political philosophy, initiated by Niccolò Machiavelli. According to LeoStrauss, Machiavelli was an “esoteric” writer, someone who did not openly proclaim his doctrines of realpolitik. Machiavelli’s method broke with classical political philosophy, which—like the classical literature championed by Sidney—often taught moral or imaginary ideals as a guide to action. Iargue that Spenser read Machiavelli well, understanding those chapters of The Prince most closely pertaining to Spenser’s own colonial situation in Ireland, and wrote A View according to those views. Spenser’s personal experience as a colonial administrator led him (following Machiavelli)to break decisively with classical political philosophy, even while Spenser’s literary theory refused to diverge from Sidney. In other words, Spenser is ancient in his art and modern in his politics. Rather than being simply a poet of the “State” or of nascent English nationalism, Spenser actuallyunderstands and encompasses the contradictions and changes of his own historical moment. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/627 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 4 (2014); 1-18 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/627/572 Copyright (c) 2016 Dennis Wise

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/629 2016-06-20T10:50:09Z scientia:ART

Whose “Womanish Tears” Are These?: Performativity in (William Shakespeare’s) Romeo and/+ Juliet Mathis, Cori This paper examines the ways in which Baz Luhrmann’s William Shakespeare’s Romeo + Juliet explores the gender concerns addressed in the original play. Luhrmann’s film picks up on the theme of performativity—a term that this paper uses in the manner of Judith Butler—that runs throughout Romeo and Juliet and foregrounds the ways in which Romeo and Juliet perform a feminine and masculine gender, respectively. Their first meeting in the text acts as the impetus fora permanent performance; they are agents of change in each other’s lives. Romeo chooses a feminine performance to inhabit more fully the identity of the Petrarchan lover that he prefers, while Juliet enacts masculinity to gain more agency over her own life. Luhrmann takes this preoccupation ofthe text and amplifies it in his film. His changes and casting choices also help to highlight the issues of performativity; Leonardo DiCaprio’s more feminine appearance and Claire Danes’s peculiar mix of naiveté and intelligence telegraph the message Luhrmann hopes to send. In addition,Luhrmann chooses to make the families part of rival gangs who divide the city based on race and socioeconomic class. Juliet’s family is Hispanic, which adds another layer to her defiance of patriarchal values. In the past, the film has been dismissed by many scholars as “just a teen film,”but it is clear that Luhrmann’s careful attention to the thematic concerns of the text demand are consideration of the film’s place in adaptation studies. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/629 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 4 (2014); 73-88 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/629/573 Copyright (c) 2016 Cori Mathis

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/630 2016-06-20T10:50:09Z scientia:ART

The Link between Cardiovascular Disease and Periodontal Disease: A Literature Review Plemons, Holly Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. According to the American Academy of Periodontology, one half of people over the age of thirty, approximately 64.7 million Americans, have periodontal disease. The purpose of this literature review is toexamine existing studies that document a link between cardiovascular disease and periodontal disease in order to determine if the connection extends beyond shared risk factors. To further support the relationship of the heart and oral environment, research was reviewed todetermine if the treatment and subsequent improvement of periodontal status would improve cardiovascular health. Research supports the relationship between the two conditions, although there is no evidence that has established a causal connection. Patients with periodontal diseasehave higher serum levels of inflammatory markers implicated in cardiovascular disease as compared to patients who are periodontally healthy. Elevated salivary amounts of periodontal pathogens have been found in patients with coronary artery disease when compared to patientswithout cardiovascular concerns. Nonsurgical treatment of periodontal disease has been shown to decrease the amount of inflammatory markers circulating in the bloodstream and to reduce the thickness of the coronary arteries. The systemic improvement from periodontal therapy is not permanent and supports the current standard of care, calling for long-term interventions. The established link between systemic and oral health adds urgency to the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and maintenance of periodontal disease. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/630 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 4 (2014); 89-102 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/630/574 Copyright (c) 2016 Holly Plemons

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/631 2016-06-20T10:50:09Z scientia:ART

Faith-based Aviation: An Ethnographic Study of Missionary Flights International Cooper, Joseph The development of faith-based missionary aviation is a post-World War II phenomenon. The war effort demonstrated the value, utility, and global reach of aviation to remote, underdeveloped areas of the world. With the beginnings of a worldwide infrastructure for aviation, Christian aviators realized aviation could increase the range and effectiveness of their efforts to reach the world for Christ (Mellis, 2006).A qualitative, ethnographic study was conducted to document the activities of one faith-based aviation organization to gain an understanding of this little known-aspect of civilian aviation. The study was conducted with Missionary Flights International (MFI) of Fort Pierce, Florida, which has been involved in faith-based missionary aviation since its inception in 1964.A constant comparative method was utilized to identify common elements, themes and patterns; common threads woven throughout the fabric of the organization and its culture. With the use of triangulation, three sides of input data from interviews, questionnaires and observations, two general phenomena, aviation and missions, each with six related categories emerged, describing the organization. MFI provides twice a week service to the island of Hispaniola and the Republic of Haiti. In this in-depth study, insight and understanding were gained into the purpose of MFI, itsdaily routines and operations, and the challenges it faces in maintaining its flight services to Haiti. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/631 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 4 (2014); 103-116 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/631/575 Copyright (c) 2016 Joseph Cooper

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/632 2016-06-20T10:50:09Z scientia:ART

Impact of Deworming Treatments on Intestinal Parasite Load in Equines from Middle Tennessee Goertzen, Ellen In this study fecal egg counts were performed on horses in six barns in Middle Tennessee to assess parasite load and the effectiveness of deworming programs. Samples were collected and tested before and after deworming and results found through the McMaster technique were compared with currently practiced deworming programs. Results showed the presence of parasites in all barns, though parasite load varied with a number of factors such as consistency of treatment, deworming frequency, and products used. All deworming products were found to be effective. This research provides insight to a more informed alternative deworming protocol, based on actual parasite load, than is typically used throughout the horse industry today. Future studies are suggested to compare the effectiveness of rotating products vs. use of a single product, and evaluating parasite load of stallions vs. mares or geldings. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/632 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 4 (2014); 19-52 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/632/576 Copyright (c) 2016 Ellen Goertzen

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/633 2016-06-20T10:50:09Z scientia:ART

Robert Frost’s “The Road Not Taken”: Regret in the Human Psyche - A Critical Essay Judkins, Luke This critical essay argues that Robert Frost’s poem, “The Road Not Taken” is not a poem about taking a road less traveled but about regret and the state of the human psyche during the process of decision. Frost argues against indecisiveness and regret via the speaker’s battle to decidebetween two virtually identical roads—neither one more or less traveled than the other. Readers should look beyond the last two lines of Frost’s poem in order to develop a structured perspective concerning Frost’s point. Historical contextualization provides readers with a sense of the biographical elements of the poem, written in 1916 and inspired by his friend Edward Thomas. Thomas was indecisive about which path to take when they both proceeded into nature for a walk, giving Frost a beginning for the speaker in the poem. Close analysis of each stanza, reveals thatFrost’s “The Road Not Taken” has psychological implications of regret and uncertainty regarding decision-making and provides a solution by having the speaker immediately imagining himself in the future romanticizing his choice. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/633 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 4 (2014); 65-72 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/633/577 Copyright (c) 2016 Luke Judkins

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/635 2016-06-20T11:09:37Z scientia:ART

“Oh, Terrible, Windy Words”: Witty Wordplay in Jonson’s Poetaster Renaissance dramatist Ben Jonson is lauded as a comedy writer extraordinaire. One of his most satirical farces, Poetaster, includes a scene involving a character’s vomiting. Beyond the obvious humor, Jonson uses this scene regarding Crispinus to assert sophisticated notions of language use, intellect, and oratory—observations for which the playwright is given too little credit in critical scholarship of the era. This essay fills this gap by examining the scene from a theoretical framework derived loosely from structural linguistics and classical rhetoric. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/635 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 5 (2015); 21-34 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/635/579 Copyright (c) 2016 Clint Bryan

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/637 2016-06-20T11:09:37Z scientia:ART

Moving Forward, Falling Back, or Staying Put: An Examination of Change and Transformation in Early Modern Drama Hayek, Jacquelyn The Early Modern era in England was a time of great change and upheaval socially, politically, and spiritually. Therefore it is no surprise that cultural authorities and structures of power had a vested interest in urging the population to abide by the traditional roles assigned to them at birth via sex, class, and religion. Three plays of the period respectively demonstrate the necessity of maintaining the status quo and the degradation and ultimate cost of rebellious self-determination. In Thomas Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy, all of the characters come to their requisite and anticipated ends, reinforcing the current establishment as it stood. Then, though the Everyman title figure does change dynamically along his journey, he changes along the path laid out for him by God without challenging the structures of authority over him or their right to judge and punish him. Finally Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus and its journey of degeneration illustrate all the worst consequences for when a man tries to overreach his given role and its expectations. Herein representations of dramatic characters from the stock to the progressive to the regressive and degenerative were manipulated to support the dominance of cultural institutions. Each of these plays addresses the notion of transformation, what it should be and should not be, in accordance with the Early Modern British authorities. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/637 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 5 (2015); 35-42 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/637/581 Copyright (c) 2016 Jacquelyn Hayek

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/638 2016-06-20T11:09:37Z scientia:ART

New Approaches to Correcting Metabolic Errors in Tay-Sachs Stefanski, Katherin Tay-Sachs Disease (TSD) is a neurodegenerative disorder categorized as both a gangliosidosis and a lysosomal storage disease. Tay-Sachs is caused by a deficiency in the enzyme ?-hexosaminidase A (Hex A). There is no current remedy available for TSD. However, there have been promising studies and breakthroughs on the use of gene therapy to cure Tay-Sachs, and these studies will be discussed in this review article. Initial progress was made using a cell line model for TSD which led to subsequent studies in HEXA null knock-out mice and mice with Sandhoff disease (a related disease involving the same enzyme). Eventually, researchers were able to transduce the brain of Sandhoff mice correcting the diseases neurological symptoms. Most recently, felines with Sandhoff disease were also successfully treated with gene therapy. Advances made in lifespan, quality of life, and relative safety of the treatment in animal models implies a readiness for human trials. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/638 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 5 (2015); 43-52 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/638/582 Copyright (c) 2016 Katherin Stefanski

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/639 2016-06-20T11:09:37Z scientia:ART

Still Misunderstanding the Oedipus Tyrannos Judkins, Luke Howard In modern literary analysis of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannos, many scholars apply theories upon the play without noting or including textual scholarship or authorial intention into their criticism, resulting in anachronism and misinterpretation of the Greek tragedy. In providing criticism of the Oedipus that displays importance for historical contexts, I assert each scholar’s duty to ensure the proper continuation of the Oedipus in literary criticism so that this valuable work of art may live on respectably. Despite critics such as E.R. Dodds, who have reminded scholars of our intended focus on the tragedy, many scholars still loosely apply modern ideological theories, misinterpreting the play and ignoring key elements and conventions that compose the intentions of the tragedy. Using Aristotelian support in my argument, I provide readers and viewers of the Oedipus Tyrannos with a perspective that will consider Sophocles’ intentions for the tragedy within the context of the fifth century B.C., so we can limit misinterpretations and anachronisms in modern criticism as we encounter this work of art. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/639 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 5 (2015); 53-60 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/639/583 Copyright (c) 2016 Luke Howard Judkins

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/640 2016-06-20T11:09:37Z scientia:ART

A Collision of Influences: Rationalizing the Use of Religious Images in The New England Primer’s Pictorial Alphabet Donegan, Rachel Much of the existing research on The New England Primer fails to account for the wide range of influences that contributed to this watershed American textbook’s creation. In this essay, I consider the Primer alphabet’s corresponding images from a variety of perspectives, including educational, artistic, and theological. After exploring the critical work of Patricia Crain, Charles Carpenter, and Henry Pitz (among others), I combine these critical lenses together instead to provide a greater understanding of the forces that allowed an iconoclastic Puritan society to include religious images as a means of educational instruction. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/640 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 5 (2015); 61-68 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/640/584 Copyright (c) 2016 Rachel Donegan

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/641 2016-06-20T11:09:37Z scientia:ART

C.G. Jung and the Inheritance of Immanence: Traces of Spinozistic, Nietzschean, and Freudian Influence in Analytical Psychology Meyers, Christopher Carl Jung, the founder of analytical psychology, was heavily influenced by both Nietzsche and Freud, both of whom were influenced, as Yovel notes in his The Adventures of Immanence, by Spinoza. Through his years of collaboration with Freud and his long-lasting fascination with Nietzsche (combined with Jung’s own semi-mystical tendencies, Jung became more of a Spinozian, than Nietzschean or Freudian. These Spinozistic traces can be detected in the framework of analytical psychology. A comparison is presented on the views of Spinoza, Nietzsche, Freud, and Jung on historical religion, the source of human motivation, and the liberating power of self-knowledge. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/641 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 5 (2015); 69-78 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/641/585 Copyright (c) 2016 Christopher Meyers

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/642 2016-06-20T11:09:37Z scientia:ART

Saving Sarah Fricker: Accurately Representing the Realities of the Coleridges’ Marriage Mathis, Cori The Lake Poets circle was prolific; they wrote letters to each other constantly, leaving a clear picture of the beginning and eventual decline of the marriage between Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Sarah Fricker Coleridge. Coleridge also was fond of chronicling his personal life in his work. Coleridge’s poetry and prose clearly show that, though he may have come to regret it, he originally married Sarah Fricker for love and was very happy in the beginning of their relationship. The problem with their marriage was that they were just fundamentally incompatible, something that was not Sarah Fricker’s fault—she was a product of her society and simply unprepared to be a wife to someone like Coleridge. Unfortunately, scholars have taken Coleridge’s letters as pure truth and seem to have forgotten that every marriage has two partners, both with their own perspectives. This reflects a deliberate ignorance of Coleridge’s tendency to see situations quite differently from how they actually were. Because of this tradition, Sarah Fricker Coleridge is often portrayed as difficult at best and a harridan at worst. It does not help that she attempted to help her husband’s reputation by the majority of their letters that she possessed—one cannot see her side as clearly. In this essay, I hope to prove that she was simply an unhappy wife, married to a poetic genius who had decided she was the impediment to his happiness while she only wanted to keep their family together and safe. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/642 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 5 (2015); 79-90 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/642/586 Copyright (c) 2016 Cori Mathis

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/643 2016-06-20T11:09:37Z scientia:ART

Psychometric Analysis of the Elementary Experience Scale and Its Predictability of Elementary Literacy Scores Cornet, Rachel Peay Kim, Jwa K. This research highlights the importance of promoting appropriate family literacy practices to avoid barriers between the home and school lives of students. The development of an Elementary Experiences Scale (EES) was necessary to predict the parent’s perception of their own school experiences in comparison to their students’ literacy achievement scores. Parents of elementary students were asked to complete a survey about their personal school experiences and the responses were compared to their student’s Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) scores. Results found that the parent survey predicted student reading achievement variance for correct letter sounds and whole words read in nonsense word fluency. The survey did not predict any of the reading fluency outcomes for the mid-year assessment; however, the survey did predict composite scores of the first grade students. These findings suggest some validation of the scale’s use in predicting the effect of parents’ elementary experiences on that of their students’ early reading progression. This research also helps to support the need for family literacy practices in the schools. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/643 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 5 (2015); 91-104 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/643/587 Copyright (c) 2016 Rachel Peay Cornet, Jwa K. Kim

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/645 2016-06-20T11:09:37Z scientia:ART

Ethnic Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Ethnic Demography and Its Influence on Conflict Behavior Meyer, Joseph With the end of the Cold War, conflict in the international system increasingly manifested within states rather than among them. The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the creation of 15 independent states, many with diminished state power and simmering inter-ethnic tensions. Scholarly research in the post-Cold War era has focused on the determinants of ethnic conflict, including ethnic demography. In this study, I examine the relationship among three measures of ethnic demography—ethnic fractionalization, polarization, and dominance—and conflict behavior in states of the former Soviet Union. Results illustrated a negative relationship between fractionalization and polarization and conflict behavior, representing a break from traditional theory regarding demographics and ethnic conflict. As such, I advocate a constructivist approach to ethnic conflict, focusing on the fluid nature of ethnic identity. As ethnic identity changes over time, it may exacerbate or mitigate the chances of ethnic conflict, regardless of what demographic indicators may be present. This demonstrates a need to expand our understanding of how identities and narratives change over time.Author’s Note: This version of the essay is excerpted from a longer version, condensed to meet the page-length requirements of Scientia et Humanitas. A case study was eliminated to suit this journal’s needs. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/645 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 5 (2015); 1-20 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/645/588 Copyright (c) 2016 Joseph Meyer

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/646 2016-06-20T11:28:53Z scientia:ART

“Aluen hine iuengen”: Fairies, Arthur, and Ideal Kingship in Lawman’s Brut Dalbey, Nicholas The supernatural themes that most readers know from the Arthurian stories, such as Merlin and Avalon, did not always serve as the primary focus in early Arthurian myths. Instead, Arthurian writers attempted to establish a reliable historical link with the past. Between the mid-12th and early 13th century, Geoffrey of Monmouth, Wace, and Lawman wrote a series of historical narratives that helped establish the foundation myth of Britain. Although each author built on the work of his predecessor, each writer also expanded and redacted scenes for his own literary purposes—particularly in relation to supernatural events. Compared to Geoffrey and Wace, Lawman uses supernatural elements more freely and emphatically. Not only does Arthur in Brut possess spiritual overtones, he also becomes a kind of liminal figure who has one foot in the world of men and one foot in the world of fairies. Much of Arthur’s liminality stems from Lawman’s use of Anglo-Saxon heroic tradition, especially when compared to a hero like Beowulf. And while it is tempting to read English literature as a vehicle for creating English nationalism, especially considering that many scholars seem to read Lawman’s Arthur as a co-opted hero for English nationalism, literature can serve other purposes than ideologically upholding nascent notions of nationhood. Unlike Geoffrey and Wace, both of whom use Arthur for predominantly political purposes, I argue that Lawman’s emphasis on Arthur’s spiritual qualities is meant not just to be emblematic of an English king but also to create a complex literary character who functions primarily to critique both Norman and English forms of ideal kingship. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/646 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 6 (2016); 1-18 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/646/589 Copyright (c) 2016 Nicholas Dalbey

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/647 2016-06-20T11:28:53Z scientia:ART

Joss’s Jesus: Christ-figures in the Whedonverses Cook, Melody In the fifth season finale of Buffy the Vampire Slayer (2001), Buffy sacrifices herself to save her sister (and the world) by leaping into a portal with her arms outstretched. In the final scenes of The Cabin in the Woods (2012), Marty refuses to die in order to save the world, instead watching as it crumbles around him. In the former, Buffy is an obvious Christ-figure, while in the latter Marty subverts the trope in his refusal to be a sacrifice. This paper explores the prevalence, meaning, and evolution of the Christ-figure trope in the works of Joss Whedon. Drawing from research in the fields of both Whedon studies and religion and popular culture, I define and set parameters for identifying Christ-figures before exploring the use of the Christ-figure in Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Finally, I briefly reflect on the question, what can we learn from the conflicted religiosity of the Whedonverses? Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/647 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 6 (2016); 19-34 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/647/590 Copyright (c) 2016 Melody Cook

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/648 2016-06-27T10:42:14Z scientia:ART

Granger Causality of Interest Rate and Exchange Rate on Stock Volatility at Chicago Options Market Salimullah, Abul Hasnat Muhammed Stock Volatility Index Granger Causality Exchange rate Interest rate This paper investigates the Granger Causality test to determine the correlation between interest rates and exchange rates with the composite stock volatility measurement of different companies under the Chicago Board Options and Exchange. Using the daily sector data for all observed variables from the St. Louis Fed over the period of 2007-2012, as well as introducing the technique of autoregressive lag model, I have examined whether the current and the previous values of a particular volatility index, interest rate, and exchange rate could have significant Granger Causality effects to the return behavior of those other indices, interest rates, andexchange rates. A two-way Granger Causality test was performed within the R studio, and the estimated result makes it essential to understand how the stock volatility indices behave over the contemplated time, especially with the following changes in interest rate and exchange rate, thus forecasting one another. The result further indicates, in most cases, interest rates positively Granger cause the stock market volatility indices more than in comparison with the exchange rates within the time period, although both of them are identified as major determinants of stockprice volatility. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/648 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 6 (2016); 35-56 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/648/591 Copyright (c) 2016 Abul Hasnat Muhammed Salimullah

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/649 2016-06-20T11:28:53Z scientia:ART

La Belle et la Bête: The Palace of Versailles, Self-Fashioning, and the Coming of the French Revolution Teague, Savanna R While the mass consumption of luxury items is oftentimes described as a factor leading the Third Estate to take action against the First and Second Estates in the buildup to the French Revolution, that spending is presented as little more than salt in the open wounds of a starving and ever-growing population that had been growing evermore destitute since the beginningsof the early modern era. However, the causes and contexts of the conspicuous consumption as practiced by the aristocracy reveal how they directly correlate to the social tensions that persisted throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries until they erupted in the 1790s. Theisolation and the dictation of taste and style that Louis XIV commanded through Versailles and State-run luxury workshops became commonplace within a generation after the Fronde in which the nobles had engaged during the previous century. Versailles allowed the new generation of thearistocracy to be placated with petty privileges that developed out of the rigorous court etiquette, and their conspicuous consumption only increased as the need to compete with others at Court and those newly ennobled continued. This study examines a materialistic culture alongside itsmaterial culture, focusing on explaining the expenditures of the aristocracy without becoming enamored by the spectacle of wealth itself. The goods and services that the French aristocracy indulged in purchasing were not simply marks of luxury; they represented social ideals about order and privilege. Versailles allowed Louis XIV and his heirs to control their nobles while simultaneously reflecting the order and the stability of the State in the architecture and gardens. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/649 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 6 (2016); 57-70 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/649/592 Copyright (c) 2016 Savanna R Teague

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/650 2016-06-20T11:28:53Z scientia:ART

The Parthenon: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow Judkins, Luke Howard One of the world’s most beautiful and iconic structures, the Parthenon, the temple of the Virgin goddess Athena, boldly displays the culmination of culture and civilization upon the Acropolis in Athens, Greece and in Centennial Park in Nashville, Tennessee. I have attempted to researchthe history, architecture, and sculpture of the magnificent marble edifice by analyzing the key themes and elements that compose the great work: culture, civilization, and rebirth. Using a musical sonata form to display my research, I wished to convey a digestible analysis of how the Parthenon and its connotations transcend time through rebirth in Nashville, Tennessee. Known as the “Athens of the South,” Nashville continues the culture displayed in Ancient Greece and symbolizes this through the city’s scale replication of the Parthenon within Centennial Park. In the first century A.D., Plutarch wrote Greek history so that the Greeks could recallthe history that was gradually fading from their memories. As Plutarch did with his readers, I am attempting to re-educate Nashvillians, as well as the world, about the rich history and inheritance of the Athenian culture within ourselves. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/650 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 6 (2016); 71-94 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/650/593 Copyright (c) 2016 Luke Howard Judkins

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/651 2016-06-20T11:28:53Z scientia:ART

The Role of Herbal and Nutraceutical Supplementation in the Amelioration of Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Symptomology Holloway, John B schizophrenia herbal medicine supplementation mental illness Herbal supplements are used increasingly in both developed and undeveloped countries for purposes of prevention, delaying onset, decreasing overall severity, and potential reversal of mental illness. The purpose of this overview is to present the latest empirical findings regarding the efficacy of various herbal and nutraceutical supplements in the prevention, treatment, and delaying onset of symptomology in relation to schizophrenia and other schizoaffective disorders, as well as further to explore their potential role in the future of psychiatry and related healthpractices. The supplements and their efficacy examined in this literature overview are Omega-3 fatty acids, Curcumin, Folic Acid, B12, B6, vitamin D, N-acetylcysteine, SAM-e, Bocopa Monniera, Ginkgo Biloba, Iron, Glycine, (?)–Stepholidine, Yokukansan, Orengadoku, and Ficus Platyphylla. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/651 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 6 (2016); 95-114 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/651/594 Copyright (c) 2016 John B Holloway

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/652 2016-06-20T11:28:53Z scientia:ART

Human Sex Trafficking: A Thematic Analysis of New York Times Coverage Bishop, Kelsey Probably shocking to many Americans, human sex trafficking is an active and growing industry that happens right at home in the United States. This paper seeks to understand how the American print media reports on the crime of human sex trafficking in published newspaper articles. Understanding how American culture showcases sex slavery in the print media is the first step toward understanding what information is available to the general public about this crime. This study looks at identifying the common themes of human sex trafficking from a national American newspaper, exposing a small-scale understanding of how the print mediarepresents modern-day slavery to the American public. A thematic analysis was used to uncover the emergent themes of 32 articles from the third highest circulated newspaper in the United States, the New York Times. Using this qualitative method, the first research question—which asked specifically what content the articles were expressing about human sex trafficking in the United States—uncovered three major themes with seven sub-themes. Agenda-setting theory served as the foundational theory to explain how the public interprets the voice of print media, how they adapt those opinions with their own, and why dependence on the news is crucial for issue awareness. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/652 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 6 (2016); 115-138 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/652/595 Copyright (c) 2016 Kelsey Bishop

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/653 2016-06-20T11:28:53Z scientia:ART

Taming Trope Turnabout: John Fletcher’s The Woman’s Prize, or the Tamer Tamed Hayek, Jacquelyn C Within literature and history exists a long-standing tradition of men tyrannizing over women and harsh penalties for any woman who does not conform to society’s expectations. From these trends emerged the taming tradition, almost how-to guidebooks, in which a representativepatriarch subdues and reforms an unruly woman. This man, most notably Petruchio from William Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew, controls the errant female via her output in physical pleasures, will power, and ability to speak. With the transition into the Jacobean era, many changes were taking place; government and society were adapting, and there waswidespread debate about customary gender roles. Playwright John Fletcher responded to the taming trope but told the story directly reversed in his work The Woman’s Prize, or The Tamer Tamed, where a woman character shows Shakespeare’s Petruchio—now a widower—how to behave, thereby earning a companionable kind of equality in her marriage to the formerwoman-tamer. Though likely intended as a parody, or even a cruel kind of comedy where the humor comes from the impossibility of the situation, this text complicates the taming tradition by directly reversing the gender roles. Despite situating the woman as the tamer over the errant husband, however, Fletcher’s play utilizes the customary elements of a taming tale and ultimately finds its happy ending in the protagonists settling back into traditional roles within the gender hierarchy. While contemporary audiences might have found this comedic, the modern feminist can read into this dramatic situation the fomentation of gender discontent. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/653 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 6 (2016); 139-152 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/653/596 Copyright (c) 2016 Jacquelyn C Hayek

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/654 2016-06-20T11:28:53Z scientia:ART

“It lyth nat in my tonge, n’yn my konnyng”: Chaucer’s Squire’s Instruction in Virtue and Eloquence Hanson, Morgan Scholars have long analyzed Chaucer’s use of rhetoric in The Canterbury Tales in regards to either stylistic or historical concerns. Much of the discussion, then, only touches on the superficial nature of rhetoric in The Canterbury Tales, for those concerned with style examine the tropesemployed by Chaucer, and those concerned with history seek to prove which rhetorical sources with which Chaucer was familiar. However, discussions of Chaucer and rhetoric need to return to the key debate in which rhetoric has been involved since its inception in ancient Greece: the debate between philosophy and rhetoric. In this paper, I examine the relationship between philosophy and language as presented in the Knight’s use of rhetoric and the Squire’s use of rhetoric in their respective tales, specifically through the rhetorical device occupatio. The Knight imparts both his philosophy on nobility and rhetorical eloquence to his son through the occupationes in his tale, and the Squire shows his humble attempt at acquiring his father’s philosophy and eloquence through the telling of his own tale. Middle Tennessee State University 2016-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/654 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 6 (2016); 153-175 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/654/597 Copyright (c) 2016 Morgan Hanson

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/655 2016-06-20T12:21:21Z scientia:ART

A Current Look at the MMR and Autism Crisis Purkey, Linda There has been a tremendous amount of controversy between parents, autism advocacy groups, various governments and medical science about the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine and whether or not it contributes to autism. Media coverage of a hypothesis that was published in the late 1990’s suggested that autism may be a direct result of the MMR vaccination. Because little is known about the actual causes of autism, medical science has conducted several investigations that have successfully proven that the MMR vaccination does not cause autism. However, the unfortunate consequence of this dilemma is an overall decrease in much needed vaccinations. This situation not only places children at risk for three potentially deadly diseases, but it could also bring about a possible worldwide epidemic that could affect millions of people, leading to hospitalization and death. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/655 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 2 (2012); 1-12 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/655/598 Copyright (c) 2016 Linda Purkey

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/656 2016-06-20T12:22:17Z scientia:ART

Survey of Biological Factors Affecting the Determination of the Postmortem Interval Bautista, Richard Estimating the time since death, or postmortem interval (PMI), is an important component of medicolegal investigations. Methods for estimating PMI date as far back as ancient Egypt. Advances in scientific knowledge have provided additional tools for estimating PMI. A survey of available literature and lectures was conducted to identify biological factors that affect PMIestimation and how they are assessed. The results of this survey showed that a high degree of variability exits within each method that reduces the accuracy of their findings. However, when taken in context with each other and used in conjunction with non-scientific evidence, such as witness statements, PMI estimations can help narrow the range of the PMI to a useful degree. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/656 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 2 (2012); 13-22 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/656/599 Copyright (c) 2016 Richard Bautista

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/657 2016-06-20T12:24:02Z scientia:ART

Interfaith Dialogues: A Method to Promote Peace in Southern Thailand Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand Islam in Thailand Yacovone, Anna An interfaith dialogue can be loosely defined as a discussion among people from different religious backgrounds who work together in order to achieve a common objective. The appeal behind this peace-building tactic is that such dialogues can be flexible in terms of its purpose and how it is implemented. In addition, because conflicts are often complex and have multiple influencing factors, interfaith dialogues are useful because they provide a multidimensional outlook. One conflict I learned extensively about while studying abroad at Thammasat University in Bangkok, Thailand is occurring in the country’s southern provinces. Although religious discord may have been a catalyst in this conflict, other political, socioeconomic and cultural factors also play a significant role. Unfortunately, because of the media’s portrayal, many believe the problem stems from differences between the Thai Buddhists and Malay Muslims in this region. However, the origins of this conflict delve much deeper and even date back to when part of the Pattani Kingdom,a former state of Malaysia, was annexed under Thai rule. As a result, harsh assimilation laws have been passed in order for the Malay people to become Thai, thus causing friction that has lasted over a century. Though Southern Thailand has seen cycles of civil unrest and instability, the last decade has experienced the worst acts of violence since the country gained five of the Pattani states.This paper will explore more thoroughly interfaith dialogues and discuss how such a tactic can be applied to the situation in Southern Thailand. Along with providing a brief historical overview of interfaith dialogues, there will also be a discussion on a mock interfaith dialogue I hosted in an academic setting at Thammasat University. Afterwards, this paper will look at the presence of interfaith dialogues in Thailand since this country’s seemingly tolerant outlook juxtaposes with the reality of what is occurring in the southern provinces. Lastly, this paper will address the historicalprogression of this conflict and then provide nine recommendations if an interfaith dialogue is held in regards to this crisis. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/657 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 2 (2012); 23-38 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/657/600 Copyright (c) 2016 Anna Yacovone

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/658 2016-06-20T12:26:02Z scientia:ART

History Day at Middle Tennessee State University Hibdon, Matthew Middle Tennessee State University has educated thousands of people since its founding in 1911. In addition to its focus on academic courses for collegiate students, the University has sponsored several programs that educate people throughout Murfreesboro and the surrounding communities. There is a rich history of history competitions on our campus that dates back to 1971. In 1974, National History Day was founded. Middle Tennessee State University has a long history with this competition from its beginnings in Tennessee up until the present day. This essay investigates the University’s commitment to supporting history education programs since the 1970s Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/658 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 2 (2012); 39-49 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/658/601 Copyright (c) 2016 Matthew Hibdon

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/659 2016-06-20T12:26:54Z scientia:ART

Augustine’s Confessions: Symbolism in Autobiography Smith, Mike Some scholars have criticized Augustine’s Confessions for lacking structure. In this paper scenes from Augustine’s life depicted in Confessions are analyzed allegorically in order to better understand what his intention may have been as an author. Augustine was a talented writer and it is worth considering that he was aware that Confessions may have had less impact had it beenwritten in a more straightforward autobiographical style. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/659 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 2 (2012); 51-59 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/659/602 Copyright (c) 2016 Mike Smith

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/660 2016-06-20T12:27:55Z scientia:ART

Dam Dissent: Protest Methods and Results in India’s Narmada River Valley Gates, Lindsay The Narmada River, India’s fifth largest, runs west through the middle of the subcontinent emptying into the Arabian Sea. The river is not only important economically for fishing and transport it has long been valued as sacred to Hindu’s of the nation. Along the banks of the river live peasant farmers and adivasi, forest dwellers who still live in tribes and obtain their livelihood from the rich forests growing along the Narmada. In 1979, the Indian government under the leadership of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, finalized plans to build a series of dams along the Narmada. Studies projected that these dams would provide greater irrigation for parchedfarmlands, hydroelectric power, and increased amounts of drinking water. The largest dam, the Sardar Sarovar, became a point of contention. The people dwelling in the areas joined with grassroots organizations to fight the dam and “save the Narmada.” They used non-violent protestmethods, court legislation, and international opinion. Their protests in the Narmada resulted in landmark studies on dams and their effects on individuals and societies and how the international community discussed and viewed large dam projects. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/660 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 2 (2012); 61-78 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/660/603 Copyright (c) 2016 Lindsay Gates

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/661 2016-06-20T12:29:21Z scientia:ART

Safety Management Systems: The Perspective of Tennessee Airports Hulsey, Amber L. Prather, Dr. C. Daniel Safety Management Systems (SMS), which is the proactive, formalized approach to managing risk and enhancing safety, is not yet mandatory within the aviation industry in the United States. Two pilot SMS studies were conducted at a handful of airports nationwide by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which examined the feasibility of implementing SMSat airports. Although SMS is not yet mandatory in this country, many in the industry think it will become mandatory in the near future. This research investigates via a brief, online questionnaire with two additional follow-ups, data analysis, and aggregate reporting of data, the degree to which Tennessee airports support SMS adoption. The majority of Tennessee airports responding to the survey are not too familiar with SMS; currently have a proactive safety plan in place other than SMS; support a mandatory SMS for Part 139 airports; may consider implementing an SMS if it remains voluntary; would expect some resistance from airport employees, tenants, and users if implementing an SMS; and would anticipate needing additional funding to properly develop and implement an SMS. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/661 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 2 (2012); 79-103 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/661/604 Copyright (c) 2016 Amber L. Hulsey, Dr. C. Daniel Prather

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/662 2016-06-20T12:30:25Z scientia:ART

The Pedagogy of Progressive Hip Hop Criswell, Brian The purpose of this paper is to consider music as a means of educating people about the broad, sociological concept of social inequality as it relates to class, examining how lyrics might shape one’s views regarding this paradigm. Music is a medium of active engagement that reaches the masses and encourages critical thought among listeners, regardless of their interest in sociological concepts. I would argue that ignorance of the issues surrounding social inequality and society’s at-large acceptance of a false consciousness serves to perpetuate the status quo and keeps individuals from becoming informed consumers of sociological thought. Through music people can become not only informed but also empowered to engage in active change against the structures limiting them. Progressive Hip-Hop, in particular, tends to focus on a sociological definition of inequalities and the road to overcoming these injustices. By analyzing the lyrics of two progressive hip hop artists–Blue Scholars and Common Market–I will illustrate how one sub-genre of music can be used to reach multiple audiences (at various levels of social class) and encourage knowledge dissemination while paving a course to action. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/662 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 2 (2012); 105-116 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/662/605 Copyright (c) 2016 Brian Criswell

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/663 2016-06-20T12:48:26Z scientia:ART

An Exploration of the Gas Phase Reactions of Chlorine Dioxide and Malodorous Compounds of Putrefaction Using FT-IR Instrumentation Love, Anna M. Chong, Ngee Sing Chlorine dioxide has been used to replace traditional water treatments, deactivate Anthracis bacillus, and remediate various molds and bacteria. This study aims to analyze the products of the gas phase reaction between chlorine dioxide and malodorous compounds produced during putrefaction. The study focuses on the reactions between chlorine dioxide and three specific chemicals: cadaverine (amine), 2-hexanone (ketone), and cyclohexyl mercaptan (thiol). The analysis of the gas phase reaction products is carried out using a Varian 7000 Fourier Transform infraredspectrometer (FTIR) with a 2.4 m gas cell. The measurement of most reaction by-products requires spectral resolution of 0.5 cm-1 because the spectra of most gas phase standards are available for spectral resolutions of 0.5 cm-1 or 0.25 cm-1 only.The reaction between cadaverine and chlorine dioxide resulted in the rapid formation of ammonia gas. The GC-MS analysis of the reaction between chlorine dioxide and cadaverine showed the presence of the following nitrogenous compounds: cyanogen chloride; chloromethane; dichloromethane; chloroform; dichloro-acetonitrile; and hexachloroacetone. The reaction by-products of cyclohexyl mercaptan were identified as sulfur dioxide, methanesulfonyl chloride, cyclohexene, 1-chlorocyclohexene, cyclohexanone, and 2-chlorocyclohexanone. Detected byproducts of the reaction between the Tenax sorbent material and chlorine dioxide include acetophenone; 2-chlorophenol; benzyl chloride; chlorobenzene, benzeneacetaldehyde; phenylethyne; and benzene. Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxideand other reaction products were mirrored by decreased concentrations of chlorine dioxide and the malodorous chemicals. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/663 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 3 (2013); 29-46 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/663/606 Copyright (c) 2016 Anna M. Love, Ngee Sing Chong

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/664 2016-06-20T12:48:26Z scientia:ART

Discovering Poe as a Compositionist: Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Philosophy of Composition” and Process Theory McNabb, Kayla Though Poe has commonly been remembered for his contributions to the detective, horror, and science-fiction genres, we should consider how his innovation extended into other areas. This includes his critical works, such as his essay “The Philosophy of Composition.” Despite Poe’s classicaltraining and the trends in composition instruction before and during his educational career, the theory of composition argued for in his critical essays is more analogos to the Process Theory established by compositionsts over 100 years later than the teaching methods of his time, suggesting that Poe’s concept of composition was very progressive. To truly understand Poe’s environment, we must examine the tradition that informed early nineteenth-century educational systems as well as Poe’s own academic experience. In order to discover the connections between Poe’s critical methodologies and those of later composition theorists, we must compare the preexisting notions in the field to the developments seen in composition theory during the late nineteenth and early twentieth-centuries. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/664 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 3 (2013); 47-55 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/664/607 Copyright (c) 2016 Kayla McNabb

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/665 2016-06-20T12:48:26Z scientia:ART

Transgress Not the Limits: Just War Theory in Early Islamic Theology Sutton, Jamie Since the beginning of America’s “war on terror,” the permissible targets and methods of warfare within Islamic theology continue to be the subject of much discourse among a global audience. An examination of sources illuminates rich traditions of regulation applying to warfare in Islamic jurisprudence. These traditions range from distinction of legitimate targets to the proportionality of destruction, and taken as a totality, they represent a demonstration of concern for the principles of Just War Theory many decades before a codified western tradition of such began.This essay offers a concise introduction to the classical regulations on warfare within Islamic jurisprudence along with their place in the modern context. While not an exhaustive effort, the paper offers an understanding of what these Islamic limitations on violence are and how they are circumvented in the modern context by extremists. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/665 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 3 (2013); 57-68 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/665/608 Copyright (c) 2016 Jamie Sutton

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/666 2016-06-20T12:48:26Z scientia:ART

She Is She: Existentialist Themes in the Works of Women Writers of the Southern Renaissance Bradley, Jonathan Female writers of the southern renaissance had to deal with a number of oppressive forces, encapsulated in the idea of “Sacred Womanhood.” The way many of these women writers depicted this struggle parallels the struggle for authentic self-hood as proposed by existentialism, and by using the philosophy to inform the events of various novels from writers, such as Zora Neal Hurston, Carson McCullers, Kate Chopin, and Ellen Glasgow, the actions and words of the characters can be more fully understood. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/666 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 3 (2013); 69-82 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/666/609 Copyright (c) 2016 Jonathan Bradley

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/667 2016-06-20T12:48:26Z scientia:ART

Communication Experiences of International Students in the U.S.: A Comparison Study of Cross-Cultural Adaptation between European and Asian Students Jones, Rita Kim, Yang Soo The purpose of this study is to examine the communication experiences of international students on American campuses. Y. Y. Kim’s (1988, 2001) Cross-Cultural Adaptation Theory provides the basis for offering an explanation of the linkage between the communication competence and psychological health of international students vis-à-vis the American sociocultural milieu. In addition, the study analyzed the level of ethnic proximity and its effect on the individual adaptation experiences of European and Asian international students on American university campuses. The analysis uses portions of verbal transcripts obtained through 24 in-depth personal interviews between October and December 2012. Participants of the interview were international students from European and Asian backgrounds who were attending universitiesin the central Tennessee area.The results show that host language competence and cultural similarities/differences reflected in verbal and nonverbal behaviors are important sources of psychological challenges/success for international students. European and Asian student groups are involved in different levels of communication activities with host nationals, based on their ethnic proximity and their degree of difficulty in adapting to the host culture. Nonetheless, as Kim’s theory predicts, the overall outcome of the study affirms that communication is the central force in the adaptation of international students, as it promotes psychological health in an unfamiliar host cultural environment. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/667 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 3 (2013); 83-104 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/667/610 Copyright (c) 2016 Rita Jones, Yang Soo Kim

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/669 2016-06-20T12:48:26Z scientia:ART

“Everything is Always Happening”: Echoes of Faulkner and Warren in Anne Rice’s Blackwood Farm Gray-Panesi, Sarah This project examines Anne Rice’s Blackwood Farm as an addition to the Southern literary canon by considering aspects of the grotesque, as well as concerns with history, family, community, justice, religion, race, land ownership, and social class which proliferate in Southern literature ingeneral. This essay analyses key events from Rice’s text, and key works by William Faulkner and Robert Penn Warren in order to examine the extent to which Warren, Faulkner, and Rice share similar themes that reverberate throughout the Southern literary tradition. Finally, this paper argues that Quinn’s quest for identity in Rice’s Blackwood Farm echoes the journeys of Warren’s and Faulkner’s protagonists in The Sound and the Fury, Go Down, Moses, and All the King’s Men. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/669 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 3 (2013); 121-132 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/669/611 Copyright (c) 2016 Sarah Gray-Panesi

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/670 2016-06-20T12:48:26Z scientia:ART

Invisible Americans: Exploring Asian Parents’ Perception about School Discrimination in the U.S. Kim, Hyeryon Kim, Yang Soo As American schools have become increasingly diverse, school-based discrimination toward immigrant students has gained wide scholarly attention. While Asian Americans are the second fastest-growing racial group in the nation and need closer attention, the study of Asian Americans has been limited, perhaps because of a “model minority” misconception.The present study explores school-based discrimination toward Asian American students in the U.S., as perceived by their parents. The data was collected using three means: (1) preliminary content analysis of Korean American parents’ community weblogs, (2) self-reported structuredquestionnaire surveys, and (3) in-depth personal interviews. The survey participants were 67 Korean American parents in the U.S. Eight of those 67 participants were interviewed.The results show that Korean American parents perceive discrimination by school staff, unfair punishment, and improper handling of complaints. Examining Asian parents’ perceptions of their children’s educational experiences provides a unique view of the challenges faced by AsianAmerican youth and insight into possible interventions schools could put in place to reduce discrimination and to enhance immigrant students’ well-being and academic achievement. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/670 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 3 (2013); 133-146 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/670/612 Copyright (c) 2016 Hyeryon Kim, Yang Soo Kim

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/671 2016-06-20T12:48:26Z scientia:ART

Fallen Faith: Satan as Allegory in Milton’s Paradise Lost Johnson, Margaret In Paradise Lost, Satan falls from the heavenly spheres, plunging through nightmarish limbo for nine days, and landing in the depths of Hell. Yet, prior to his descent into Hell, Satan belonged in Heaven, an archangel named Lucifer, a rational and perfect being created by God. John Miltondepicts him as a powerful angelic being; as Archangel Raphael tells Adam, Lucifer is “of the first, / If not the first Arch-Angel, great in Power, / In favor and preeminence” (I.659-660). Lucifer dwells in heavenly paradise, where angels dance and sing, drink “rubied Nectar” and eat “Angels’Food” (V.633), and live on verdant lands covered with flowers and “delicious Vines, the growth of Heav’n” (V.635). So why would this favored angel choose to deny his Creator?In Raphael’s elucidation to Adam about Satan’s fall, we learn that God favors his mighty Archangel Lucifer but not as much as His begotten Son, whom God anoints Messiah. God decrees that all heavenly beings must bow before His Son “and shall confess him Lord” (V.607-8). Miltonrenders Lucifer as envious, with a hardened heart, one who refuses to bow before the Son, and by extension, God, his Creator. By denying God, Lucifer seals his doom and is cast from Heaven, “Ordain’d without redemption, without end” (V.615). While it may appear that the Satan ofParadise Lost is destined to be banished from Heaven—to be used by God as a tool, if you will, to effect the salvation of the world in Christ—another conception of Satan’s role exists. Milton uses the Satan character to argue against the prevailing Calvinist doctrine of his time—double predestination—and to espouse the less damning Arminian model of predestination, thus making Satan an allegory for a fallen faith in God. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/671 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 3 (2013); 147-159 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/671/613 Copyright (c) 2016 Margaret Johnson

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/672 2016-06-20T12:48:26Z scientia:ART

People’s Republic of China (???????): Interpersonal Relations DeHoff, Michael Learning about a new culture can be an intimidating task. There is often so much information that it is easy to become overwhelmed. This is especially true for a culture with such a large history as China. Using a distillation of research by various scholars and interviews with Chinese people, thispaper provides a starting point for understanding Chinese culture, with a focus on interpersonal communication concepts such as high versus low context cultures, nonverbal communication, and Hofstede’s four value parings. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/672 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 3 (2013); 161-173 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/672/614 Copyright (c) 2016 Michael DeHoff

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/673 2016-06-20T12:48:26Z scientia:ART

The Influence of Edgar Allan Poe on Wallace Stevens’s Poetry Mereani, Fadia The hints of American Romanticism in Wallace Stevens’s poetry can be traced to Edgar Allan Poe and his poetic vision. To show the extent of Stevens’s appreciation of Poe, the first part of the paper will examine some of Stevens’s letters sent to a number of his acquaintances to show his exposure to Poe’s writings and provide a historical and biographical account of the influence ofEdgar Allan Poe on Stevens. The second part of the paper will focus  particularly on the poetic ideas, concepts, and characteristics they have shared in their poetry and poetic theories. The last part of the paper will examine how Poe’s idea of the death of a beautiful woman, one of the main themesthese poets have shared, has been discussed in Stevens’s “Sunday Morning.” Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/673 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 3 (2013); 175-183 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/673/615 Copyright (c) 2016 Fadia Mereani

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/674 2016-06-20T12:48:26Z scientia:ART

Fly-By-Night Firms, Credit, and Regulation: A Simple Model Routon, Philip “Fly-by-night” is a derisive term for a firm that appears to be untrustworthy and/or transient. Previous studies have focused on general fly-by-night firms’ behavior and their interaction with the credit market, while much less has been done to show how they approach government regulation. After a brief explanation of the importance of studying fly-by-night firms and a discussion of some relevant literature, this paper presents a simple model that permits a liability-holding fly-by-night entrepreneur to choose between complying or not complying with a governmental regulation. Though perhaps most useful as a classroom exercise, the model could be used to examine what factors affect the compliance decision and in what way. I find that (i) if we assume fly-by-night firms have relatively lower probabilities of project success, then they are unambiguously less likely to comply with governmental regulations; (ii) an increase in the interest rate on business loans decreases the probability of compliance; and (iii) from a regulatorystandpoint, an increase in inspection rates deters non-compliance, but an increase in the noncompliance fine may not exert deterrence if strategic default is an option. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/674 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 3 (2013); 185-196 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/674/616 Copyright (c) 2016 Philip Routon

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/675 2016-06-20T12:48:26Z scientia:ART

An Analysis of Smoking and Tobacco Waste Patterns at Peck Hall, Middle Tennessee State University Smith, Rachael VanDalsem, Crystal This paper analyzes the accumulation of tobacco waste around the perimeter of Peck Hall. In spite of MTSU’s tobacco ban, a number of students continue to use tobacco-related products on campus, especially along the southeast quadrant of the periphery of Peck Hall as a result ofthe placement of an unauthorized “butt bin.” This site is also used as an area for student breaks between classes, with students engaging in a variety of activities at this site. Initial research suggests, while in place, the “butt bin” significantly reduced the amount of cigarette related waste in this area specifically (6 butts), and upon removal, a dramatic increase of cigarette butts were found in this same spot (75 butts), a week after. This increase stands in contrast to the more gradual accumulation of butts found around the rest of Peck Hall. Middle Tennessee State University 2015-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/675 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 3 (2013); 105-119 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/675/617 Copyright (c) 2016 Rachael Smith, Crystal VanDalsem

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/705 2019-01-17T13:02:35Z scientia:ART

Stoker’s Anxieties Concerning the Emancipation of Women Clippard, Rebecca Through Bram Stoker’s “Dracula,” this essay illustrates the anxieties concerning what was known as the “Woman Question.” During the Victorian Era, the more independently-minded New Woman arose as a figure representing a rebellion from social norms, and the question of women’s place in society, whether in the domestic or the business spheres, was debated . By examining the male protagonists’ reactions to Mina Harker and Lucy Westenra’s vampiric transformations, the works and theories of Stoker critics, as well as relevant historical background, a feminist reading of Dracula broadens the understanding of the emancipation of women in the Victorian Era. Ultimately, two reactions to the New Woman will be analyzed based on the two female protagonists. By examining reactions to Lucy, as well as the theories of other critics, vampirism becomes not just a transformation of the body but a representation of the fears of Victorian men. With Lucy, who embraced her independence, the male characters focus on her destruction. Through her death, Stoker offers one solution to the problem of the New Woman. Upon analyzing Mina Harker, Stoker reveals his other, more likely, solution. Rather than revulsion and violence, Mina’s transformation emphasizes how Victorian women should also contribute in upholding the patriarchal values. Dracula is Stoker’s answer to the “Women Question.” Middle Tennessee State University 2017-08-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/705 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 7 (2017); 67-79 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/705/663 Copyright (c) 2017 Rebecca Clippard

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/711 2019-01-17T13:02:35Z scientia:ART

Playing Games as Cultural Expression: Mah Jong, Chess, and Bourré in the works of Amy Tan and Tim Gautreaux Hays, Sara The opening lines of Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club, after the brief initial prologue, are: “My father has asked me to be the fourth corner at the Joy Luck Club. I am to replace my mother, whose seat at the mah jong table has been empty since she died two months ago. My father thinks she was killed by her own thoughts” (19). These lines connect for the reader, from the very beginning of the novel, the playing of mah jong to deeper considerations of culture, legacy, and tradition. While both mah jong and The Joy Luck Club are internationally popular, the opposite is the case for the Cajun card game bourré and the Cajun short-story writer Tim Gautreaux, whose story “Died and Gone to Vegas” utilizes bourré in a way that is thematically similar to, but culturally different than, Tan’s use of mah jong in The Joy Luck Club. This paper will examine both Tan’s and Gautreaux’s use of games—mah jong, as well as chess, and bourré respectively—as cultural receptacles and means of folkloric preservation. Middle Tennessee State University 2017-08-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/711 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 7 (2017); 53-66 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/711/669 Copyright (c) 2017 Sara Hays

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/732 2019-01-17T13:02:35Z scientia:ART

Policy Analyis on Youth Aging Out Barberi, Calista Faith Youth aging out of foster care every year pose a potential security and financial liability to society (The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2013). Although several policies and programs exist for these young adults, limited evidence exists as to the efficacy of these programs (Courtney et. al., 2011). Further funding and program evaluation is needed, as well as a more clearly defined continuity of services to young adults in the process of aging out of foster care. Politicians must rise to the occasion to modify funding in existence, and advocate to effectively care for this vulnerable population (A. Rivera, personal interview, November 2016).  Middle Tennessee State University 2017-08-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/732 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 7 (2017); 95-108 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/732/661 Copyright (c) 2017 Calista Faith Barberi

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/742 2019-01-17T13:02:35Z scientia:ART

Self-Leaders: Independent Performers or Team Players? Bearden, Christopher R. The use of teams to achieve organizational goals requires companies to employ individuals that are competent at both performing individual tasks and working well with others. This study examines the relationship between performance strategies and the performance perceived by teammates and supervisors. Previous research on individual work-role performance and performance strategies associated with self-leadership indicate a positive relationship. Self-leadership can be conceptualized as a set of self-influence strategies used by individuals to increase personal effectiveness. These strategies include functions such as self-goal setting and positive self-talk. In this study, self-leadership, expert ratings of individual work-role performance, and peer-ratings of team member effectiveness are compared with one another in a correlational design. Participants were aerospace students at a southern university engaged in operating a simulated flight dispatch center for course credit. A positive, statistically significant relationship was found between perceived team member effectiveness and expert-rated individual performance; however, the self-leadership strategies measured in this study were unrelated to the criterion variables. A follow-up investigation using confirmatory factor analysis indicates that the instrument used to measure self-leadership was not valid. Suggestions for future research are made. Middle Tennessee State University 2017-08-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/742 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 7 (2017); 21-40 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/742/668 Copyright (c) 2017 Christopher R. Bearden

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/743 2019-01-17T13:02:35Z scientia:ART

Corpus Christi, Superstar?: Decoding the Enigma of the York Mystery Cycle Yeager, Hillary K. This paper outlines the history and cultural significance of the medieval York Mystery cycle.  I argue that guild (sponsor) involvement in the pageants served a multitude of purposes: they not only acted as a form of advertisement for the goods the guild created but also fostered community goodwill and acted as a form of charity, serving as meaningful acts toward moral salvation.  Furthermore, I also intend to look at the role of the audience: by attending the plays, the audience received a moral benefit through their roles of spectators and the experience of viewing, which I explore through the medieval understanding of the act of “seeing.” As opportunity to effect bodily change, the audience could, in effect, experience the act of Holy Communion through merely watching the pageant and viewing the Body of Christ. Middle Tennessee State University 2017-08-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/743 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 7 (2017); 6-20 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/743/673 Copyright (c) 2017 Hillary K. Yeager

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/748 2019-01-17T13:02:35Z scientia:ART

The Impact of HOPE Scholarship on High School Graduation in Georgia Yadudu, Muhammad Since Georgia enacted its widely acclaimed merit aid HOPE policies, many states have followed suit- ostensibly due to its large, positive, and significant impact on college enrollment. There has been muted interest on the impact of the policy on high school graduation, both those who will go on to college and those that will not pursue a post secondary degree. Using a differences-in-differences methodology, I contrast high school graduation rates in Georgia against similar states and found the enactment of the HOPE scholarship has increased the probability of graduating High School by 12.5 percentage points. When viewed in light of a 7 percentage point jump in college enrollment due to HOPE scholarship (Cornwell et al. 2006), I conclude that the policy has increased the graduation rates of students who will not be immediately enrolling in college after graduation from high school by around 5 percentage points.  Middle Tennessee State University 2017-08-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/748 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 7 (2017); 80-94 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/748/671 Copyright (c) 2017 Muhammad Yadudu

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/778 2019-01-17T13:02:35Z scientia:ART

An Analysis of Euroskepticism’s Influence on Britain’s Vote to Leave the European Union McCrary, Kayla In June 2016, the United Kingdom held an in/out referendum on membership in the European Union resulting in a narrow victory for Euroskeptics. Historically, Britain has been notably a Euroskeptic nation, and the following analysis of Britain’s relationship with the European Union will explore the implications of Brexit in context with Euroskepticism. This analysis is a result of previous research on the British vote to the leave the European Union and draws substantially on research in the fields of voting patterns, behavior and social identity, and Britain’s unique characteristics which culminated in the vote to leave the EU. As a result, this paper intends to rely heavily on historical implications of Euroskepticism as well as recent literature on the theories of Euroskeptic voting, demographics, and the history of the relationship between the UK and the EU. The conclusions of the paper wrap up the overall analysis of Euroskepticism, arriving at the conclusion that populist and anti-globalist sentiments driven by political parties such as United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) mobilized Euroskepticism, allowing for a philosophy to transform into effective policy change. Furthermore, this analysis concludes with an understanding of the main driving factors in Britain’s unique position in leaving the European Union being economic and social. This conclusion is substantiated by a constituency-based analysis which utilized materials such as demographic data, voter turnout and result data in order to quantify Euroskepticism and its impact on the top constituencies which voted to leave the EU.  Middle Tennessee State University 2017-08-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/778 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 7 (2017); 109-126 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/778/670 Copyright (c) 2017 Kayla McCrary

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/811 2019-01-17T13:02:35Z scientia:ART

Does Criminal History Impact Labor Force Participation of Prime-Age Men? Ellsworth, Mary This paper investigates the relationship between criminal background from youth and future labor force participation for prime-age men (25-54 years old) in the United States. Since January 1980, the percent of prime-age males not in the labor force has increased from 5.5% to 12.3%, which coincides with an increasing proportion of previously incarcerated prime-age men due to increased incarceration rates during the 1980s and 1990s. Previous studies have shown that supply-side factors, such as disability insurance or working spouses, do not account for most of the decline in prime-age male labor force participation. Using NLSY79 data, this study uses linear regression analysis and finds that criminal charges received at a young stage in life are associated with more weeks out of the labor force, even up to twenty-six years in the future. This suggests that a large number of previously incarcerated prime-age men may be dropping out of the labor force due to discouragement in finding work. Further research, however, is required to imply causality by assessing the extent to which men with criminal backgrounds would have struggled in the labor market regardless of conflict with the law due to lifestyle or personal attributes. Middle Tennessee State University 2017-08-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/811 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 7 (2017); 41-52 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/811/672 Copyright (c) 2017 Mary Ellsworth

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/999 2019-01-17T13:02:35Z scientia:EdC

Editorial Comments Wise, Dennis See PDF Middle Tennessee State University 2017-09-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/999 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 7 (2017); 3-4 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/999/830 Copyright (c) 2017 Dennis Wise

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1004 2019-01-17T13:02:43Z scientia:ART

Establishing Tissue Culture of King of Bitters (Andrographis paniculata) and Comparison of Callus Versus Plant Neoandrographolide Production Mihalko, Cassandra Neoandrographolide is a secondary compound endemic to Andrographis paniculata (King of Bitters) and gives the plant its anti-inflammatory property. Because of the widespread use of neoandrographolide and the low seed germination rate of Andrographis paniculata, creating a callus tissue culture, from which to extract neoandrographolide, has the potential to be beneficial to pharmaceutical companies. Callus was produced from King of Bitters plant tissue using the Mineo protocol for tissue extraction and the Murashige protocol for the callus media and incubation. HPLC-CAD analysis was done on a liquid extract of callus (1 g dried callus to 50 mL methanol) and leaf tissue (1g dried leaves to 50 mL methanol) using the Li protocol. No detectable neoandrographolide content was found in the callus, but neoandrographolide was found in the plant leaf tissues. To facilitate neoandrographolide production in callus, elicitors, genetic manipulation, metabolic engineering, or the use of symbionts may be viable options. Middle Tennessee State University 2018-06-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1004 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 8 (2018); 76-88 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1004/926 Copyright (c) 2018 Cassandra Mihalko

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1014 2019-01-17T13:02:43Z scientia:ART

Survival of the Fittest: Social Media’s Influence on the Relationship between Traditional Media and the Public Brooks, Katelyn Elizabeth Despite the innovations and emergence of digital and social media technologies, the influential Agenda-setting theory developed by Max McCombs and Donald Shaw in 1972 has remained relatively unchanged. Many analysts still operate under the assumption that the media agenda has a greater influence on the public agenda. With the rise of social media, however, the possibility for reverse agenda-setting needs to be more seriously considered, especially in light of recent events surrounding the Trump University lawsuit, the 2016 presidential election, and the relative success of the #NoDAPL protests. Because of modern technological capabilities in social media, the basic premise of Agenda-setting theory is no longer accurate. This paper serves as a critique of existing theoretical models of Agenda-setting by analyzing recent developments in social media. Middle Tennessee State University 2018-06-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1014 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 8 (2018); 34-54 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1014/923 Copyright (c) 2018 Katelyn Elizabeth Brooks

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1124 2019-01-17T13:02:43Z scientia:ART

The Russian Influenza as Extended Metaphor in Joseph Conrad’s The Secret Agent Rideout, Jennifer In The Secret Agent,oseph Conrad introduces anarchist Adolf Verloc and links his arrival in London to the unseen yet deadly viral arrival of the influenza. I argue that, in so doing, Conrad creates the character descriptions of Verloc and his family as metaphorically representative of the virus and its symptoms. Conrad complicates the story by setting it in 1886, inviting the reader to recall the terrifying events of the 1889 Russian Pandemic and the 1894 attempted bombing of the Greenwich Observatory and to envision a Britain whose innocence is shattered by destructive forces unseen with the naked eye. By expanding on the connection between the progression of time and the notion of fluid borders, both of which feed the rush of 20th-century modern technology, Conrad’s characters represent the emergence into a world over which Britons perceived that they had little control.  Middle Tennessee State University 2018-06-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1124 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 8 (2018); 6-18 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1124/927 Copyright (c) 2018 Jennifer Rideout

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1133 2019-01-17T13:02:43Z scientia:ART

Causality Testing for U.S. Public Expenditure, Economic Uncertainty, and Other Indicators Suggs, Emilia J Government policies respond to a variety of factors, often resulting in a growth in public expendi-ture as resources flow from the private to the public sector. A series of classic problems in public economics examines the structure of state spending. Research in the literature addresses factors such as macroeconomic conditions, periods of crisis, and political incentives. However, public opinion may contribute to changes in government expenditure proportions through mechanisms such as vot-ing and lobbying. Significant events and conditions as well as an individual’s perceptions influence public opinion, encompassing an element of economic uncertainty. This project utilizes Granger causality testing to examine causal relationships between U.S. public expenditure and factors such as periods of crisis, economic indicators, and economic uncertainty, using quarterly data from 1985-2017. Middle Tennessee State University 2018-06-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1133 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 8 (2018); 90-106 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1133/928 Copyright (c) 2018 Emilia J Suggs

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1142 2019-01-17T13:02:43Z scientia:ART

State of the Sciene: Enteral Nutrition Protocols Jordan, Elizbeth Anne Managing nutrition in critically ill patients is an important intervention to promote healing. Adequate nutrition decreases rates of infections and pressure ulcers, improves prognosis for recovery, and decreases mortality. The purpose of this literature review is to determine the current state of the science in regards to evidence-based protocols for the administration and management of enteral nutrition (EN) in critically ill patients. Is the use of a nursing-driven protocol for enteral feeding in critically ill patients effective in improving patient outcomes compared with not utilizing a protocol? Ten studies with enteral nutrition protocols for adult, critically ill patients were included for review. Study characteristics and themes are identified. Early initiation of EN and adequate titration to goal are important for achieving the maximum nutritional advantage. The highest benefit is also derived from identifying and delivering an individualized caloric and/or protein goal. Interprofessional collaboration remains paramount, and an EN protocol increases standardization of practice. A nurse-driven protocol may yield higher compliance and greater effectiveness than a protocol that is not nurse-driven. Lastly, gaps in knowledge, future research opportunities, and applications to nursing administration, research, education, and practice are discussed.   Middle Tennessee State University 2018-06-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1142 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 8 (2018); 56-74 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1142/925 Copyright (c) 2018 Elizbeth Anne Jordan

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1167 2019-01-17T13:02:43Z scientia:ART

Incarcerated and Pregnant: How Societal Attitudes Affect the Sentencing and Treatment of Pregnant Inmates in Rural Tennessee De La Torre, Mary This ethnographic case study examines how southern society’s views on motherhood and criminal punishment when held by correctional staff and judges influence the sentencing and treatment of female inmates who are pregnant while incarcerated. The research was conducted at a county jail in rural Tennessee. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a male and a female correctional officer, the jail administrator, the jail’s nurse, a judge from the county, and three inmates. The interviews were then transcribed and analyzed for dominant themes. Nearly all the respondents held more traditional views on criminal punishment and motherhood. In addition, these views on motherhood, not the views on criminal punishment, had an impact on the sentencing of the pregnant inmates and how these inmate mothers were viewed by the staff. The inmates also appeared to internalize these views and to blame themselves for their incarceration. However, the inmates reported their prenatal care was good, so it did not appear to affect how they were treated. This study does have limitations, though, such as its small sample, the fact that housing pregnant inmates was a relatively new issue for this specific jail, and that the inmates’ responses may have been influenced by the presence of a prison authority. It is also just a snapshot of this small, rural area at this time, and therefore the findings cannot be generalized to other areas. However, this research is important because it suggests that certain societal attitudes in small, rural, southern areas when held by correctional staff and judges can influence pregnant inmates’ sentences and how they are viewed by the staff. Middle Tennessee State University 2018-06-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1167 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 8 (2018); 108-129 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1167/924 Copyright (c) 2018 Mary De La Torre

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1177 2019-01-17T13:02:43Z scientia:ART

"He had his poor": Emerson's Self-Reliance and the Question of Charity: Emerson's Communitarian Critique of Institutional Benevolence Black, Andrew Ralph Waldo Emerson’s often anthologized essay “Self-Reliance” has been presented as a clear example of Emerson’s endorsement of the wider nineteenth-century’s laissez faire ideology. This is, however, an ultimately inaccurate characterization and a consequence of various kinds of misreading. This paper examines these misreadings and attempts to place “Self-Reliance” in its intellectual, chronological, and textual context. It is one essay in a carefully ordered presentation that is published as an embedded and local work. The essay’s tangential critique of “miscellaneous charities” is a communitarian and local critique of the burgeoning institutionalization and especial-ly internationalization of American benevolence. When read in context, “Self-Reliance” demon-strates that Emerson’s poor are immediate, proximate, and fraternal, those to whom the whim of the moment can mandate a local response. Middle Tennessee State University 2018-06-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1177 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 8 (2018); 20-32 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1177/922 Copyright (c) 2018 Andrew Black

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1204 2019-01-17T13:02:43Z scientia:EdC

Editorial Comments S, D See PDF Middle Tennessee State University 2018-06-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1204 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 8 (2018); 3-4 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1204/929

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1242 2019-06-06T12:29:15Z scientia:ART

Investigating Quantum Computation Uselton, Myranda Advancements in computer science and technology make quantum computation increasingly possible, which would result in unprecedented computational efficiency and allow quantum physicists and chemists to completely model complex quantum mechanical systems. Quantum algorithms have already shown significant advantages over classical algorithms in terms of both runtime and power. Quantum computation opens up new research opportunities in areas such as machine learning, mathematics, and cryptography. However, quantum computation could also pose a danger to online data security. Middle Tennessee State University 2019-06-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1242 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 9 (2019); 57-69 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1242/1053 Copyright (c) 2019 Myranda Uselton

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1297 2019-06-06T12:29:15Z scientia:ART

Soteriology of Beauty and the Beast and The Hunchback of Notre Dame Selby, Aaron N/A at this time  Middle Tennessee State University 2019-06-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1297 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 9 (2019); 35-45 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1297/1051 Copyright (c) 2019 Aaron Selby

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1298 2019-06-06T12:29:15Z scientia:ART

Surviving Hardship Through Religion: Womanist Theology in Beyoncé’s “Lemonade” Beyene, Hanan In 2016, Beyoncé’s Lemonade premiered during a time of high political, social, and radical tension. Knowles creates an album that is not just about her, but also exhibits pride in blackness while revealing her vulnerability. Beyoncé exposed issues surrounding not only her relationship to her husband but also the African American community. Viewing Lemonade through the lens of Delores S. Williams’s definition of Womanist testimony regarding the struggles of identity and survival, it is possible to trace this message retroactively through biblical times. Religious tools like The Curse of Ham caused a generational trauma within the African American commu-nity that created a brokenness that continues to resonate. Beyoncé exhibits religious allegories and themes through Womanist Theology by confronting the brokenness of her relationship in Lemonade. This includes the process of forgiving her husband’s infidelity and preserving her family unit. Middle Tennessee State University 2019-06-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1298 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 9 (2019); 7-19 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1298/1049 Copyright (c) 2019 Hanan Beyene

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1301 2019-06-06T12:29:15Z scientia:ART

The Legend of Zelda: A Religious Record Pearson, Ansley Morgan This essay evaluates the religious allusion and construction found within Nintendo’s The Legend of Zelda video game series by utilizing several religious studies theories in an effort to examine the meaning-making phenomena the series creates for players. The series’ 3D entries are analyzed using Forbes and Mahan’s framework from Religion and Popular Culture (for describing relationships between religion and popular culture) to examine religious imagery and iconography within the Zelda series, and how such representation has changed over time. The series’ gameplay elements are evaluated using Rachel Wagner’s arguments from her book Godwired which explores the ritual nature of video games as a way of explaining the persist-ing religious nature and meaning-making systems present in the series. Finally, the narrative direction and storytelling are examined using Joseph Campbell’s “Hero’s Journey” in an effort to understand the series’ underlying spirituality and lasting appeal. This is all in an effort to exam-ine the Zelda series’ relationship with religion, the narratives and experiences it creates under such a relationship, and the conversations about religious narratives and ritual storytelling that Zelda creates space for in the intersection of religion and popular culture, ritual and play. Middle Tennessee State University 2019-06-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1301 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 9 (2019); 21-33 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1301/1050 Copyright (c) 2019 Ansley Morgan Pearson

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1302 2019-06-06T12:31:53Z scientia:ART

Nádleeh and Trickster: Accounting for the Absence of Non-Binary Genders in Foucault’s History of Sexuality Bennett, Jess From a theoretical standpoint, queer sexual categories remain in the wake of Michel Foucault’s The History of Sexuality.  However, Foucault’s work in the three volumes of The History of Sexuality primarily focus on a gender binary of male and female.  One may find this logical under the false assumption that gender-fluid categories are a recent advent, but such an as-sumption excludes figures such as the Native American berdache, a third gender category.  To complicate matters further, this gender identity is not set to a fixed sexual preference.  Native American literature that explores both the gender and sexual fluidity of the berdache includes texts such as the Navajo creation myth as told by Irvin Morris in From the Glittering World and a selection from “The Winnebago Trickster Cycle” recorded in Paul Radin’s The Trickster: A Study in American Indian Mythology.  Through a comparative reading of these texts as well as Foucault’s The History of Sexuality, we see how Foucault’s work could be expanded by incorporating a discussion of non-binary genders.  Ultimately, this project explores the gap of gender difference in Foucault’s work by examining the role of the berdache in Native American society and literature. Middle Tennessee State University 2019-06-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1302 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 9 (2019); 71-80 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1302/1054 Copyright (c) 2019 Jess Bennett

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1472 2019-06-06T12:29:15Z scientia:EdC

Editorial Comments Editors, Scientia See PDF Middle Tennessee State University 2019-06-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1472 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 9 (2019); i-ii 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1472/1055

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1794 2020-07-30T14:33:52Z scientia:ART

Humanizing the Dehumanized: The Complex Connections between William Lloyd Garrison’s Preface and Fugitive Slave Advertisements Hallman, Micah By connecting nineteenth-century slave advertisements and the preface provided by William Lloyd Garrison to Frederick Douglass’s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself, this article argues that Garrison’s preface provides a moment in history when the voice of a specific person, speaking for a group of people who were frequently silenced, is recovered. Examining particular slave advertisements published around the time of Douglass’s 1845 narrative, it is possible to see that these advertisements tend to high-light the lack of voice provided to slaves while being focused on the body and the kinds of work that the slave was capable of doing. Other types of writing, such as the authenticating preface written by Garrison, also serve as advertisement, which recognizes the implicit silencing of Afri-can American humanity while also acknowledging slaves as authorities to tell their own stories. Middle Tennessee State University 2020-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1794 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 10 (2020); 1-16 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1794/1176 Copyright (c) 2020 Micah Hallman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1795 2020-07-30T14:33:52Z scientia:ART

The Soldierly Code: War Trauma and Coping in Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried Campbell Field, Jenna Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried is sometimes portrayed as a work about soldiers that shows the brotherhood created in war and the ways soldiers struggle once they heroically return from a warzone; however, through a postmodernist narrative framework, the episodic novel becomes not a glorification of war but a denigration of it. O’Brien’s work is steeped in the nega-tives that come from war and shows how those negatives impact the lives of soldiers both during and following their time in combat. Further, O’Brien’s novel takes the romanticized notions of war and gives them an upside-down quality to illustrate how patriotism can create isolation, the concept of duty can create murder, and following orders can make it impossible to cope with the things soldiers do in the name of survival. Because the novel is fundamentally grounded in the soldier’s experience, reading O’Brien’s work as a glorification of the soldier is easy, but by reading it as a denigration of the soldierly code, which privileges silence and duty over personal health and well-being, the novel expands into a search for methods of coping with trauma and perpetrator’s guilt. The postmodernist view then cements each of “the things they carried ” as a thing that has removed O’Brien’s soldiers from their humanity and community. Through this understanding, this paper seeks to describe the impact of the soldierly code of silence, isolation, and duty and the way each act to dehumanize O’Brien’s soldiers. Middle Tennessee State University 2020-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1795 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 10 (2020); 17-28 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1795/1177 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1797 2020-07-30T14:33:52Z scientia:ART

Rhyme and Revolution Meade, Nash William Wordsworth’s poetry stands as a reflection of the sociopolitical landscape of his time. His focus on the natural landscape instead of the sculpted is one of the best examples of artistic revolution in history, as Wordsworth uses his natural landscape focus as a way of protesting the rapidly developing Industrial Revolution in England. Beyond anything Wordsworth could have expected, however, this focus on natural landscapes, combined with his concern with a person’s individuality, turned him into the progenitor of a new era of poetry and literature: the Roman-tic period. Thus, Wordsworth’s poetry and ideals stand as a revolution of both the contemporary poetic style and sociopolitical ideals of his time. Middle Tennessee State University 2020-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1797 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 10 (2020); 45-54 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1797/1178 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1798 2020-07-30T14:33:52Z scientia:ART

The Authorial Sublime: Text and Apotheosis Methvin, Connor By definition, the sublime is unknowable, and therefore similarly unachievable. This essay, however, challenges the notion of sublimity as unattainable by comparing the literary criti-cisms of Roland Barthes and Hélène Cixous. In comparing their works and analyzing the dual significance each puts on the importance of “audience” as contributor, the very transformative characteristic of the sublime becomes apparent in the author. Writing is an uncanny act, and reading becomes a reimagining of what constitutes the sublime for and within each person who engages with a text. Roland ’s famous “The Death of the Author” elevates the author to a perpet-ual liveliness when read in conjunction with Hélène Cixous’s concepts of self, text, and the Third Body, therefore transcending the author from death to sublimity, even as the author’s works forever incur the uncanny responses of their perpetually-shifting audience and contextualization. Writing, thus, acts as a way by which one may surpass the limits of independent humanity and achieve the status of sublime. Middle Tennessee State University 2020-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1798 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 10 (2020); 55-68 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1798/1179 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1799 2020-07-30T14:33:52Z scientia:ART

Shin Gojira: Return of the Angry God Bivens, Jameson Shin Gojira returns to the original themes of horror and cultural commentary that were the foundation of the original 1954 film. It works as a running analogy to many of the most pressing issues on the mind of Japanese society at the time of this film’s creation. It serves also as a window into these pressing issues and a medium through which we can look and understand these issues. Middle Tennessee State University 2020-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1799 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 10 (2020); 69-82 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1799/1180 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1800 2020-07-30T14:33:52Z scientia:ART

Kant, Hegel, Sellars: The Structure of Knowledge Standifer, Benjamin This paper examines the refutation of skepticism elaborated by G. W. F. Hegel in the introduction to his Phenomenology of Spirit. This refutation is motivated by what Hegel sees as a funda-mental incoherence in modern philosophy initiated by Descartes and culminates in the ‘subjectiv-ist’ conclusions reached by Kant. More specifically, the incoherence concerns the inability to cate-gorically represent the thing-in-itself. He approaches the problem by articulating Kant’s original unity of apperception as a kind of transcendental comparison of knowledge and being. This, along with a Fichtean elaboration, allows him to frame the distinction of phenomena and reality as a distinction internal to consciousness itself. The thing-in-itself is realized as not some detached, external reality, but a point of orientation, a functional role, against which consciousness of this being is brought into relief. By positing a theoretically inaccessible standard for what counts as knowledge, skepticism is revealed as misunderstanding the very nature of knowing. Middle Tennessee State University 2020-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1800 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 10 (2020); 83-92 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1800/1181 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1801 2020-07-30T14:33:52Z scientia:ART

Analysis of the Airline Pilot Shortage Crouch, Victoria The pilot shortage in the United States currently affects airlines and pilots drastically. The airlines have been forced to implement new solutions to recruit and retain pilots. These solutions include dramatic pay raises and cadet programs. One of the most significant causes of the pilot shortage is the aviation industry’s rapid growth. Other factors include the aging pilot popula-tion and high flight training costs. In addition, regional airlines, a major source of pilots for major airlines, have a historically low pay rate, which deters pilots from wanting to work for them. This situation is compounded by a lack of hiring in the 2000s for various reasons. The effects of the pilot shortage include decreased flights, loss of revenue, and closing of some re-gional airlines. Airlines have implemented various solutions aimed at increasing the number of pilots. These include an increased pay rate, job pathway programs through universities, and guaranteed interviews or jobs. The solutions proposed will likely prove their effectiveness in minimizing the pilot shortage over the next decade. Note: This research was correct prior to the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, which has affected the airline industry. Middle Tennessee State University 2020-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1801 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 10 (2020); 93-106 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1801/1182 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1802 2020-07-30T14:33:52Z scientia:ART

The Relationship between Religion and Politics in a Globalizing World Baggett, Elizabeth Katelynn Religion plays a powerful role in modern politics, and the relationship between the two is ever-changing. The governing of a state cannot be separated from the religious views of its people that affect the leaders and lawmakers of a country. Law mirrors society. This paper explores the ways that religious beliefs, practices, and communities shape and are shaped by the political expecta-tions and necessities of a nation by using examples from major world religions. Readers will be presented information regarding each religion’s perception of the relationship between religion and politics and how religious adherents have upheld or opposed the relationship. Because reli-gion and politics are always changing and adapting, the foundational ideologies of the relation-ship between these two entities are continually challenged, reimagined, modified. Middle Tennessee State University 2020-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1802 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 10 (2020); 107-120 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1802/1183 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1803 2020-07-30T14:33:52Z scientia:ART

Pinning Down the Historical Significance of Button Collecting Gibson, Jackson Political buttons were once a must-have item for any political hopeful running a campaign. For more than a hundred years, buttons have been used by many people and organizations to spread messages and gain support for a cause. This article aims to discuss not only the history of buttons but also the history they help to preserve. As a mass-produced item, buttons are an easy way to delve into the many movements and events that have become significant moments in the history of our nation and lives. However, since the turn of the century and with the technological boom that followed, the use of buttons has begun to fade. The purpose of buttons is evolving from large movements to smaller organizations and personal use, but their ability to encapsulate a small piece of history remains. Middle Tennessee State University 2020-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1803 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 10 (2020); 121-131 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1803/1184 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1804 2020-07-30T14:24:00Z scientia:EdC

Letter from the Editors Scientia Editors This semester has been stressful for us all. Between the tornadoes that devastated our state and the pandemic that has devastated the world, we have all struggled with trying to find the resolve to make it from one day to the next with our sanity intact. For the editorial staff at Scientia, this journal has been our bright spot and safe place to land this semester. Through the papers we received, we were transported from our own very real and uncer-tain world to worlds unknown and incredible. Whether we were in a world grappling with pilot shortages or in the world of Doctor Who, our lives were enriched and made better by the hard work and research of the scholars who shared their worlds with us. Scientia has, since its first issue, strived to highlight both the highest quality of research at Middle Tennessee State University and the perseverance required of a scholar. Not only does this edition feature the high standards of scholarship from diverse disciplinary back-ground for which Scientia has become known, but it also shows the perseverance required of a scholar who lives both within a single discipline and within an uncertain world. In the pages of this journal, we are able to look at ways to prevent a crisis while under-standing the very elements which create it in “Analysis of the Airline Pilot Shortage.” We take a step back in time to understand the ways in which slaves were silenced through advertisements in “Humanizing the Dehumanized: The Complex Connections between William Lloyd Garrison’s Preface and Fugitive Slave Advertisements” before taking a ride on the TARDIS and asking ourselves, “How has the portrayal of women on the television series Doctor Who evolved from 1963 to 2019?”. We fall into “The Authorial Sublime” and experience the trials of what it means to live by “The Soldierly Code.” We collect buttons while “Pinning Down the Historical Significance of Button Collecting” and search for “Rhyme and Revolution” in the works of William Wordsworth. Finally, we delve deeply into the metaphor of “Shin Gojira: Return of the Angry God” as a reflection of Japan before losing ourselves in conversation with Kant, Hegel, and Sellars unpacking “The Structure of Knowledge.” The works in this edition, produced from backgrounds ranging in philosophy to aerospace, seem to reflect and acknowledge something uncertain and give it a concrete space. Each work reaches out to the reader and presents not uncertainty but a level of understanding and knowing. This edition would not have been possible without the hard work of the authors who took a leap of faith in sending us their work. This edition also would not have been possible without the staff who worked through a sense of loss and constant transition and adap-tion because of the Covid-19 pandemic. For the hard work from both, the editorial staff can only say thank you. Thank you to the administration at the Honors College. You all have been such a joy to work with, and we could not have done this work were in not for you. We would also like to thank Marsha Powers, who believed in and supported us through-out this entire process. Without her, this edition would not be possible. She has cham-pioned this journal and led the editorial staff as our advisor through a very challenging semester. She has been an indispensable source of knowledge and comfort for us all. We would like to thank Dr. John Vile and Dr. Philip Phillips from the Honors College, without whom we would be lost. We would also like to thank you all, the readers. We hope you enjoy this edition of Sci-entia et Humanitas as much as we do. We hope you will see the scholarly vigor and rigor, and we hope you will be transported as we have.   Jenna Campbell Field Editor in Chief   Gabriella Morin Managing Editor   Jameson Baldwin Section Editor Middle Tennessee State University 2020-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1804 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 10 (2020) 2470-8178 2470-8127 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/1805 2020-07-30T14:33:52Z scientia:ART

How Has the Portrayal of Women on the Television Series Doctor WhoEvolved from 1963 to 2019? Watts, Sophia This essay examines the question, “How has the portrayal of women on the television series Doctor Who evolved from 1963 to 2019?” First, the universe of Doctor Who and all its complexities are established, explaining how the show has lasted as long as it has with a revolving cast of characters. In addition, this essay defines the portrayal of a character and what that entails. This essay then delves into the lives and personalities of six major female characters on the show. They include Susan Foreman, Sarah Jane Smith, Ace, Rose Tyler, Amy Pond, and the Thirteenth Doctor. Their actions, words, and character developments are all scrutinized and examined in this essay. Eventually, it becomes apparent that the role of women in the series has evolved and expanded. Over time, they are given more chances to be independent and have storylines outside of their relationships with male characters, especially the Doctor. They make decisions for themselves and challenge the Doctor on his actions and views on the universe. Eventually, women on the show take the lead, which is made apparent by the recent casting of the show’s first female Doctor. By the end of this essay, the conclusion is reached that the role of women on Doctor Who has evolved by allowing these characters to have bigger parts and more complex backgrounds. Furthermore, women on the show can carry their own storylines and are not controlled by other characters’ decisions or relationships with them. Middle Tennessee State University 2020-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1805 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 10 (2020); 29-44 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/1805/1185 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/2065 2021-07-01T09:29:56Z scientia:EdC

Letter from the Editor in Chief Hughs, Eric As Middle Tennessee State University’s student research journal, Scientia et Humanitas publishes exemplars of the research and scholarship that MTSU students, from across the humanities and sciences, produce each year. This volume is a testament to the determination and ingenuity of graduate and undergraduate students at MTSU; despite the significant challenges of the last year, these students have produced innovative and compelling research and scholarship. The essays collected here also reflect the central values of this publication: scholarly rigor, originality in research and analysis, and a dedication to advancing our academic discourse in new and engaging ways. This volume also reflects the remarkable range of issues and research areas with which MTSU students are engaged. Our first essay, “A Landscape of Linguistic Love,” immerses us in the poetry of John Milton and poignantly reveals the link between love and language in Milton’s works and personal life. While that essay evokes such timeless poetic concerns, the following essays deal with very timely issues, from policing in the United States in “Exploring the Link between Violent Crime Workload and Officer-Involved Shooting of Unarmed Individuals” to the efficacy of moral arguments in an era of extreme political partisanship in “Moral Reframing.” A literature review examines Incel ideology and discourse and the connections between this often-violent movement, online forums, and the media; this essay complements “The Islamic State,” which proposes a new framework for understanding the political-religious totalitarianism and ideology of an international terrorist organization. The concluding essay, “Narrative Authority,” challenges dominant narratives within a postcolonial framework, with the goal of returning agency to marginalized voices via an analysis of Indra Sinha’s Animal’s People. Despite the disparate approaches and subjects of these essays, they are connected by thought-provoking analysis and original research. At the end of this process, I must first express my gratitude to these talented contributors for sharing their work with the editorial staff and, now, the MTSU community. Secondly, this volume was not produced single-handedly. It would not have been possible without our talented editorial staff: Liam McBane, Laney Jolley Smith, Percy Verret, and Elizabeth McGhee Williams. It was an honor to work with such dedicated academics and editors. I am also grateful for the assistance of the administration and staff at MTSU’s University Honors College, including the editorial advisory board: Ms. Marsha Powers, Dr. Philip Phillips, and Dean John R Vile. Their guidance throughout this process was invaluable, as was the assistance of other members of the Honors College staff, including Ms. Susan Lyons, for her work on design and layout, Ms. Sandra Campbell, and Ms. Cindy Phiffer. This volume would not be possible without the contributions of this group that is dedicated to supporting MTSU’s student researchers and writers. Eric HughesEditor in Chief Middle Tennessee State University 2021-06-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2065 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 11 (2021); iii-iv 2470-8178 2470-8127 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/2073 2022-09-01T16:38:49Z scientia:ART

Moral Reframing: A Perspective-Taking Approach to Political Arguments Baca, Isaac Moral foundations theory posits that there are five foundations of morality from which Americans make political decisions: 1) Care/Harm, 2) Fairness/Reciprocity, 3) Ingroup/Loyalty, 4) Authority/Respect, and 5) Purity/Sanctity. Previous research finds that liberals primarily endorse foundations 1 and 2, while conservatives primarily endorse foundations 3, 4, and 5. To examine which moral values are most persuasive to liberals and conservatives, political arguments aimed at decreasing support for an issue were reframed to appeal to foundations 1 and 2, or to foundations 3, 4, and 5. Results indicate thatconservatives might be persuaded by arguments grounded in ingroup/loyalty, authority/respect, and purity/sanctity values, but might not be persuaded by arguments grounded in care/harm, or fairness/reciprocity values. Liberals might be persuaded by arguments grounded in any of the five foundations. Moderates were the only group that showed no evidence of persuasion. Middle Tennessee State University 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2073 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 11 (2021); 39-58 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2073/1249 Copyright (c) 2021 Isaac Baca http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/2074 2021-07-01T09:29:56Z scientia:ART

Literature Review Exploring Relationship Between Media Representations of Men, Masculinities, and Incels on Incel Discourse Brunson, Jayme In 2014, Elliot Rodger, a self-proclaimed incel (involuntary celibate), murdered six people and injured 14 in Isla Vista, California, as retribution for his experiences in romantic and sexual rejection. Incels generally believe women are at fault for men’s celibacy. Misogynistic gender beliefs, such as incel ideology, often develop in adolescence under the influence of social environment and media exposure. This literature review explores the formationof gender beliefs through gender socialization and masculinity performances. It also looks into how incels internalize a distorted perspective of normative masculinities and what they expect conformance to these masculinities should bring. Readers will be presented with a brief history of incels and multiple examples of incel discourse from internet forums. Discussions surround incel discourse and how it may be shaped by representations of men, masculinities, and incels in the media. Middle Tennessee State University 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2074 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 11 (2021); 59-72 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2074/1250 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/2075 2021-07-01T09:29:56Z scientia:ART

The Islamic State: A Political-Religious Totalitarian Regime Haslett, Allison This paper explores the Islamic State’s form of government as a political-religious totalitarian regime. This new classification is derived from an in-depth analysis of the State’s revolutionary transformation from a group of radicalized Sunni Muslims into an entirely unique, organized, and global terrorist organization with a totalitarian foundation. The State utilizes common totalitarian tropes in its agenda and ideology, practice of total control, recruitment, destruction of history, and symbolism. Furthermore, analysis and translation of the ideological view of the writings by political theorists Dostoevsky,Hoffer, and Arendt expand on these tropes, providing additional support for the State’s classification as a political-religious totalitarian regime. Because of the Islamic State’s status as a global threat, both defining and understanding this new classification are essential; however, in order to know how to address this threat, it must first be understood. Middle Tennessee State University 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2075 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 11 (2021); 73-84 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2075/1251 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/2079 2021-07-01T09:29:56Z scientia:ART

Narrative Authority: The Intersection of Mass Media, White Saviors, Corporate Interests, and the Subaltern Voice Merrill, Jessica The narratives that are disseminated by various parties who are members and tools of the dominant culture serve to conceal not only the voices of the marginalized but also the treachery of those who take advantage of them while inflating the conscience of those who hope to satisfy a moral obligation to help the poor. This essay will explore the different voices in Indra Sinha’s Animal’s People. This novel utilizes the narrative voice in a unique manner, allowing a disabled, impoverished young boy named Animal to tell the story of his life of oppression, suffering, and marginalization through a series of tapes addressedto what he refers to as “the Eyes.” Sinha allows Animal to speak for himself, but, in doing so, Animal highlights other dominant narrative trends, including the visual and auditory power of the mass media in communicating the position of the poor, the white saviors’ interpretation of and response to what they see and hear of the poor, and how these contribute to the corporate interests’ ability to remain invisible and thus avoid responsibility for their actions. Sinha uses characters such as Elli, a white American doctor, who comes to Khaufpur to open a clinic, Jarnalis, an Australian journalist, who leaves a set of tapes for Animal to record his story on his own time, and the big Kampani lawyers, who hide the parties actually responsible for the disaster the novel describes. I will postulatethat the connections between mass media representations, white savior responses, and the resulting benefits to corporate interests are the narratives that should be scrutinized so that the narrative authority can be given back to those with lived experience. Middle Tennessee State University 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2079 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 11 (2021); 85-97 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2079/1252 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/2080 2021-07-06T09:26:06Z scientia:ART

A Landscape of Linguistic Love: Milton’s Mind as a Seat of Companionate Paradise Verret, Percy A survey of British poet John Milton’s early and extensive initiation into the language(s) of scholarship highlights that, through his intensive immersion within it, the language of scholarship became fundamental to Milton’s perception of reality, ultimately dictating and defining his notions of meritorious living. This preeminence of the language of scholarship within Milton’s understanding of his world further led Milton to perceive the language of scholarship as the only truly satisfactory basis upon and means through which to pursue meaningful human relationships. Through a survey of a selection of Milton’s shorter works—the Prolusions, “On the Death of a Fair Infant Dying of a Cough,” “Ad Patrem,” and “Epitaphium Damonis”—as well as a detailed examination of his multilingual friendship with Charles Diodati, this paper demonstrates that Milton not only perceived a linkage between love and language, but actively employed each in the service of the other, leading to a richer understanding and experience of both. Middle Tennessee State University 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2080 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 11 (2021); 1-26 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2080/1248 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/2082 2021-07-01T09:29:56Z scientia:ART

Exploring the Link Between Violent Crime Workload and Officer-Involved Shootings of Unarmed Individuals* Zwemer, Dara The present author created a measure of officer workload in the U.S. and determined whether this measure predicted lethal officer-involved shootings (OISs) of unarmed individuals. Seventy-six OISs from the year 2016 were analyzed using archival data. Data were collected regarding population size, number of officers, and violent crime statistics for each city and state in which a lethal OIS of an unarmed decedent occurred. The present author hypothesized that states with more officer-involved shootings of unarmed individuals would have higher officer workloads than states with fewer shootings, and that officer workload would be higher in cities where shootings occurred, compared to those cities’ state-level measures. Workload comparisons between states were not significant; however, city to state comparisons revealed meaningful workload differences. Specifically, cities with fatal OISs of unarmed decedents had higher officer workloads than the state in which the cities were located. Future research that includes data beyond 2016 could allow one to predict cities that are at risk for lethal OISs and offer evidence-based insights into methods designed to minimize the number of these events. *Winner of the Dean’s Distinguished Essay Award Middle Tennessee State University 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2082 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 11 (2021); 27-38 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2082/1253 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/2269 2022-08-22T19:19:18Z scientia:EdC

Letter from the Editor in Chief Verret, Percy Middle Tennessee State University offers its student writers many avenues of publication, ranging from creative outlets such as Collage and Off Center to magazines like Areté and Shift. Among those publications, however, only one devotes itself exclusively to the promotion of student research: Scientia et Humanitas. In Scientia et Humanitas’s pages, students have the opportunity to experience their first taste of the peer review publishing process and, at the end of the process, the satisfaction of airing their research to an eagerreading community of peers, instructors, and alumni alike. As its name indicates, Scientia et Humanitas resists strictly defined disciplinary divisions and instead seeks to intermingle the various arts and sciences, presenting research from across the disciplines in a single, engaging volume. Historically, we have publishedpapers from many fields, and this volume is no exception. Among the eight essays selected for publication, several arise from branches of philosophy while others spring from such realms as film studies, English studies, and the social sciences. In the opening piece, “A Mind of One’s Own,” I marshal evidence from Virginia Woolf’s wider canon to argue that her portrayal of relationships in Mrs. Dalloway not only depicts but also defends the importance of the individual internality that is modallyreflected in her stream-of-consciousness narrative style. In the following essay, “Affection Deprivation and Weathering,” Alfred Holman, Jordyn Ewing-Roush, and Christal Goines report on their primary research study regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the well-being of the African American community. L. B. Jefferies’s look is placed under scrutiny in “Intellectual Virtues in Rear Window,” in which Patrick Gilchrist employs Aristotelian ethics and twenty-first-century responsibilist virtue epistemology to evaluate the moral blameworthiness and intellectual praiseworthiness of Jefferies’s voyeurism in Hitchcock’s masterpiece. In “The Call is Coming from Inside the House,” Sage Andrews probes published accounts by queer Christian individuals to demonstrate the transformative potential these individuals’ testimonies offer their faith communities. In the second half of the volume, Nash Meade’s “The Creature from the British Isles” argues for the ongoing significance of Thomas Hobbes’s political philosophy by first establishing Hobbes’s historical importance and then utilizing Hobbes’s philosophy as a lens through which to interpret political responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. “Mothers, Daughters, and Vampires” by Ashley M. Quinn conducts a close reading of eighteenthcentury vampiric poetry, connecting the liminal space of the vampire to convention-riddencodes surrounding female sexuality and ultimately underscoring the mother’s role in constructing her daughter’s sexuality in each poem. Nich Krause spans millennia to contrast the philosophies of eighth-century Buddhist monk Santideva and twentieth-century French existentialist Jean-Paul Satre, particularly teasing out similarities in their conceptions of personal freedom and moral responsibility in his essay “Being and Emptiness.” Finally, in “Do I Have a Choice?,” Aubrey Elaine Keller employs a folkloric lens to examine the influence that folk community members exercise over marriage and courting relationships to which they are external in works by Amy Tan and Lee Smith. Clearly, a volume such as this owes its existence to the efforts of many individuals. The most obvious contributors are the student writers themselves. The peer review process can be an intimidating one, and we appreciate the motivation and commitmentto academic discourse each student displayed in submitting their work and persevering with us through each round of reviews and revisions. We hope each of you find the appearance of your finished work as rewarding as we do. I wish to extend my deepest thanks to the committed team of associate editors and reviewers that make it possible for me to use the editorial “we”: Biven Alexander, Allison Haslett, Liam McBane, and Connor Methvin and Patrick Gilchrist, Sophia Maas, and Sophie Taylor. Your dedication has been immense, and I cannot thank you enough for the time you have carved out of your incredibly busy work, school, and life schedules to provide such thorough feedback on each essay and to work closely with authors to polish the articles to their current state. Both I and the authors you supported are grateful for your labor. I must also extend thanks to the Honors College for supporting we students in our endeavors as both writers and editors, providing us with an excellent avenue through which to develop our linguistic skills. Special thanks goes to our faculty advisors, Dr. John Vile, Dr. Philip Phillips, and Ms. Marsha Powers, for their expert oversight. I would particularly like to thank Dr. Phillips for offering such insightful recommendations regarding the logistical aspects of managing all aspects of journal production when I first stepped into the role. I am likewise immensely grateful to Ms. Powers for the many hours she entertained me and other staff members in her office, providing us with advice and allowing us the pleasure of digging through her Scientia et Humanitas archives. I extend my further thanks to Susan Lyons and Rylee Campbell for their aid in designing the finished project; without you, all our work to edit and prepare the journal’s content would be futile. Finally, we wish to thank you, our readers. It is your ongoing interest in and support of Scientia et Humanitas that makes its publication possible. We hope you enjoy the essays we have collected here and leave your reading of the journal with a sense of enrichment. Percy VerretEditor in Chief Middle Tennessee State University 2022-08-22 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2269 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 12 (2022): Scientia et Humanitas; iii-iv 2470-8178 2470-8127 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/2270 2022-08-22T19:19:18Z scientia:ART

A Mind of One’s Own: Individual Internality vs. Interpersonal Intimacy in Mrs. Dalloway Verret, Percy Throughout her early career, British modernist Virginia Woolf developed a literary style that gave modal priority to “internality,” or the inner workings of the inward mind. The most noteworthy instance of Woolf ’s efforts in that literary style is the perennialclassic, Mrs. Dalloway, whose delicate stream-of-consciousness narrative is universally regarded as exhibiting mastery over the style’s modernist prioritization of internality over conventional tropes in fiction. What is less widely recognized is that in Mrs. Dalloway Woolf crafted a piece that not only demonstrated a modal attentiveness to internality, but also effected a defense of individual internality—an exploration of the delineation between minds within intimate relationships and the impact of those delineations on the individual minds participating in the relationship. Accordingly, this essay examines Woolf ’s theory of interpersonal intimacy by using tenets from her essay “Modern Fiction” (1919) and short work A Room of One’s Own (1929) to effect a comparative analysis of the relational practices of various characters in Mrs. Dalloway (1925), commenting particularly on those practices’ impact on the internal worlds ofClarissa Dalloway and Septimus Smith. Middle Tennessee State University 2022-08-22 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2270 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 12 (2022): Scientia et Humanitas; 1-22 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2270/1328 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/2271 2022-08-22T19:19:18Z scientia:ART

Affection Deprivation and Weathering: An Exploratory Study of Black and African Americans’ Well-Being during COVID-19 Holman, Alfred Ewing-Roush, Jordyn Goines, Christal This study investigates factors related to the well-being of African Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically, reports of discrimination, perceived stress, and affection deprivation through the lenses of Affection Exchange Theory and the Weathering Framework. Sixty-six individuals participated in a cross-sectional survey study through an online Qualtrics questionnaire. We predicted that Black and African American participants would report experiencing more discrimination during the pandemic than other people of color (POC) due to several overlapping pathways of racism (e.g., stereotype effect, internalized racism, and systemic racism) affecting Black individuals more than others. We also predicted affection deprivation for Black and African American participants would be directly related to their perceived stress. Results from an independent samples t-test indicated no significant difference of discrimination between Black and non-Black participants. However, in post hoc analysis, there was a significant difference of discrimination between Black and White participants, illustrating the greater strain on Black individuals during the pandemic when compared to their White counterparts. Finally, correlational analysis revealed a significant positive association between affection deprivation and perceived stress for Black participants. We believe this relationship reflects an important health problem Black Americans are facing during the COVID-19 pandemic, in which isolation through COVID-19 protective measures (e.g., quarantine) are exacerbating the burden of stress they already bear. Middle Tennessee State University 2022-08-22 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2271 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 12 (2022): Scientia et Humanitas; 23-32 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2271/1329 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/2272 2022-08-22T19:19:18Z scientia:ART

Intellectual Virtues in Rear Window: A New Look at L.B. Jefferies’s Look Gilchrist, Patrick Alfred Hitchcock’s Rear Window is a pillar of American cinematic history. Few would doubt that much. More questionable, though, is the moral character of the film’s famed protagonist, L.B. Jefferies, who draws sincere pleasure from peeking into the private lives of his neighbors. The moral blameworthiness of Jefferies’s objectifying voyeurism has long been intimated by many scholars who have written about the film. I take these intimations as a starting point, translating and explaining the morally blameworthy dimensions of Jefferies’s intrusive looks in terms of Aristotelian philosophy. Following this, however, I appeal to the work of twenty-first-century responsibilist virtue epistemology to draw out the intellectual praiseworthiness of Jefferies’s obsessive gaze (a conclusion respective of but unconcerned with these actions’ immorality). Because shots from the protagonist’s point-of-view comprise so much of the film’s visual storytelling, I argue that the film’s primary narrative opposition is not between good and evil or secrets and discovery as one might assume; instead, the narrative opposition, I argue, is present in spectatorial judgement—the concurrent sense of moral blameworthiness and intellectual praiseworthiness that one is prone to feel when seeing through the eyes of L.B. Jefferies. Middle Tennessee State University 2022-08-22 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2272 Scientia et Humanitas; Vol. 12 (2022): Scientia et Humanitas; 33-52 2470-8178 2470-8127 eng http://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/view/2272/1330 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 d844868e162441838ae79091fa29a54d