Industry Effects and Strategic Convergence: A Study of the Strategies of Independent Pharmacists

Authors

  • Michael J. Rubach University of Central Arkansas
  • Joseph D. Cangelosi University of Central Arkansas
  • Don B. Bradley, III University of Central Arkansas
  • Jeffery E. McGee University of Texas at Arlington

Abstract

The pharmacy industry is experiencing significant change. With the increasing presence of regional discounters, the appearance of mail service and internet pharmacies, the continuing ascendancy of managed care (including HMOs and PPOs), third party reimbursement plans, and pharmacy benefit managers  (PBMs), the strategic  options for  independent pharmacies are dwindling. This exploratory study examines  the relationships  among generic  business level strategies of independent pharmacies, industry effects -- in terms  of consequences  of third party reimbursement plans -- and performance outcomes. It seems that the impact of managed care reimbursements more than off sets the various strategic efforts by pharmacies. The evidence indicates that different generic strategy  approaches  are  not  producing significant differences in performance. The findings suggest that industry effects may  he creating a situation of strategic convergence. The practical implications for the independent pharmacists   and future   research  are  addressed.

References

Agle, B. R., Mitchell, R. K. & Sonnenfeld, J. A. (1999). Who matters to CEOs? An investigation of stakeholder attributes and salience, corporate performance, and CEO values. Academy of Management Journal, 42 (5), 507-525.

A nnstrong, J. & Overton, T. S. ( 1 977). Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 396-402.

Beliveau, B. C. & Bernstein, E. H. (1997). Struggling to survive: The case of independent phannacies. Journal of Business & Entrepreneurship, 9 (2), 36-49.

Beliveau, B., Bernstein, E. & O'Neill, H. (1994). Strategic variety within and across environmental niches: A study of small stable businesses in a mature context. Journal of Business & Entrepreneurship, 6 (2), 39-51.

Bould in, A. S., Bentley, J. P., Huffman, D.C. & Gamer, D. D. ( 1996). Independent phannacy: R ising to meet the challenge of the future. Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management, 10 (2), 149-1 66.

Broom, H. N. & Longnecker, J. G. (1979). Small business management. Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern.

Cannella, A. A., Jr. (200 I ). Upper echelons, Donald Hambrick on executives and strategy. Academy of Management Executive, 15 (3), 36-42.

Carroll, N. V. (1991 ). Forecasting the impact of participation in third-party prescription programs on phannacy profits. Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Economics, 3 (3), 3-23.

Carter, C. R. (2000). Precursors of unethical behavior in global supplier management. Journal of S11pply Chain Management, 36 (I ), 45-56.

Christensen, D. B., Fassett, W. E. & Andrews, G. A. (1993). A practical billing and payment plan for cognitive services. American Pharmacy, 33 (3), 34-40.

Conant, J. S., Smart, D. T., & Solano-Mendez, R. (1993). Generic retailing types, distinctive competencies, and competitive advantage. Journal of Retailing, 69 (3), 254-279.

Dess, G. G., Lumpkin, G. T. & Covin, J. G. ( 1997). Entrepreneurial strategy making and firm perfonnance: Tests of contingency and configurational models. Strategic Management Journal, 18 (9), 677-695.

Dess, G. G. & Robinson, R. B., Jr. (1984). Measuring organizational performance in the absences of objective measures: The case of the privately-held finn and conglomerate business un it. Strategic Management Journal, 5, 265-273.

Finkelstein, S. & Hambrick, D. C. ( 1 996). Strategic leadership: Top executives and their effects on organizations. St. Paul, MN: West.

Fleming, H., Jr. ( 1 998). Expect more of the same on the third party front in 1999. Drug Topics, 142 (December 7), 68+.

Frederick, J. (200 l a). Independents showing solid comeback. Drug Store News, 23 (11), 31,44+.

Frederick, J. (200 I b). Annual report of retail pharmacy: Pharmacy seeks a more profitable future. Drug Store News, 23 ( 1 1), 26,34+.

Frederick, J. (2000). Independents celebrate rebound at annual pharmacy event Drug Store News, 22 (17), 22,26.

Genuardi, J. S., Stiller, J. M. & Trapnell, G. R. (1996). Changing prescription drug sector: New expenditure methodologies. Health Care Financing Review, 17 (3), 191-204.

Hair, J. F., Jr., Anderson, R.E. & Tatham, R. L. (1987). Multivariate data analysis with readings. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

Hambrick, D., & Mason, P. A. 1984. Upper echelons: The organization as a reflect ion of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9, 193-206.

Harrison, D. L. & Ortmeier, B. G. (1997). Levels of independent commun ity phannacy strategic plann ing. Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management, 11 (4), 21 -34.

Hodgetts, R. M. (1999). A conversation with Michael E. Porter: Significant extension toward operational improvement and positioning. Organizational Dynamics, 28 ( 1), 24-33.

Holdford, D. & Watrous, M. (1997). The relative importance consumers place on pharmaceutical services. Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management, 11 (4), 55-68.

Jennings, P. & Beaver, G. (1997). The performance and competitive advantage of small firms: A management perspective. International Small Business Journal, 15 (2), 63- 75.

Martin, G., Beaumont, P. & Staines, H. (1998). Determinants of early and late adoption of management development practices: Evidence from Scotland. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 6 (2), 132-145

Mauri, A. J. & Michaels, M. P. 1998. Firm and industry effects within strategic management: An empirical examination. Strategic Management Journal, 19, 21 1-219.

McGee, J. E., & Peterson, M. (2000). Toward the development of measures of distinctive competencies among small independent retailers. Journal of Small Business Management, 38 (2), 19-33.

Miles, M. P. & Arnold, D. R. (1991). The relationship between marketing orientation and entrepreneurial orientation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15 (4), 49-65.

Miller, D. (1988). Relating Porter's business strategies to environment and structure: Analysis and performance implications. Academy of Management Journal, 31, 280- 308.

Milliken, F. J., Martins, L. L. & Morgan, H. (1998). Explaining organizational responsiveness to work family issues: The role of human resource executives as issue interpreters. Academy of Management Journal, 41 (5), 580-592

Mirani, R. & Lederer, A. L. (1998). An instrument for assessing the organizational benefits of IS projects. Decision Sciences, 29 (4), 803-838.

Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York: The Free Press.

Porter, M. E. (1996). What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, 74 (6), 61-78.

Reda, S. (1997). Redefining pharmacy's future. Stores, 79 (4), 34-38.

Rubach, M. J. & McGee, J. E. (2002). The competitive behaviors of small retailers: Examining the strategies of local merchants in rural America. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 12 (2), 1-17.

Sandberg, W. R. & Hofer, C. W. (1987). Improving new venture performance: The role of strategy, industry structure, and the entrepreneur. Journal of Business Venturing, 2 (I ), 5-28.

Simons, T., Pelled, L. H. & Sm ith, K. A. ( 1 999). Making use of difference: Diversity, debate, and decision comprehensiveness in top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 42 (6), 662-673.

Stratton, T. P. & Martens, S. J. (1994). Moving beyond patronage research: A business performance model for investigating retail pharmacy operations. Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management, 8 (I ), I09-124.

Szeinbach, S. L., Mason, H. L., Schondelmeyer, S. W. & Collins, P. D. (1990). Variables affecting pharmacists' willingness to accept third-party prescription contracts: A conjoint analysis. Journal of Health Care Marketing, IO (3), 45-50.

Szeinbach, S. L., Barnes, J. H., Summers, K. H. & Banahan, B. F., Ill. (1995). The changing retail environment: Its influence on professionalism in chain and independently owned pharmacies. Journal of Applied Business Research, 11 ( I ), 5-14.

Venkatraman, N. & Ramanujam, V. (1987). Measurement of business economic performance: An examination of method convergence. Journal of Management, 13, 109-122.

West, D. (2001). Independents back on track in number and sales, NCPA says. Drug Store News, 23 (9), 15-16.

Downloads

Published

2002-01-23

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Industry Effects and Strategic Convergence: A Study of the Strategies of Independent Pharmacists. (2002). Journal of Small Business Strategy (archive Only), 13(1), 18-31. https://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/jsbs/article/view/491